The results suggest that hypoglycaemia, weight change, gastrointestinal side effects and efficacy are of primary importance to patients in their OAD preferences in T2DM. These four attributes comprised over 80% of the RI.

Introduction The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are increasing in Japan, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are commonly used to treat the disease. The objective of this study was to use a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to characterize patient preferences for clinical treatment features of two GLP-1 RAs—dulaglutide 0.75 mg and semaglutide 0.50 mg—among patients with T2D in Japan. Methods Adult patients with T2D in Japan were administered the DCE via a web-based survey. The DCE examined patient preferences for five treatment attributes (each described by two or three levels), including method of administration, HbA1c change, reduction in cardiovascular (CV) risk, weight change, and common side effects (i.e., nausea). Results were analyzed using multinomial and mixed logit models, and predicted choice probability was calculated to determine the overall probability that either dulaglutide or semaglutide DCE levels were preferred. One DCE choice task included a direct comparison of the dulaglutide 0.75 mg versus semaglutide 0.50 mg treatment profiles. Results 190 subjects completed the survey; 29 were excluded after failing the predefined internal validity assessments. In the final analysis sample ( N = 161), the attribute with the largest effect on the subjects’ choices was reduction in CV risk, followed by HbA1c change and common side effects. Patients’ predicted choice probability for the semaglutide profile was 78%, versus 22% for the dulaglutide profile. 28% of patients were “very willing” to initiate treatment with semaglutide’s product profile, versus 6% for dulaglutide. Conclusion In this study, reduction in CV risk and HbA1c change were the key drivers of GLP-1 RA medication preference in Japanese patients with T2D. Overall, the majority of the patients preferred a product with attribute levels reflecting the semaglutide 0.50 mg profile, with a known CV risk reduction benefit and superior HbA1c reduction. Funding Novo Nordisk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13300-019-0591-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Objectives: To explore the impact of nocturnal polyuria (NP) on healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL), work productivity, mental health, fatigue, bother, and daytime sleepiness. Materials and Methods: This large-scale, US population-representative epidemiologic study was conducted in two parts: a web-based survey and 3day bladder diary. Consenting participants completed the baseline Epidemiology of NP (EpiNP) survey online (Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [LUTS]Tool, comorbidities, burden, and multiple HRQoL measures). Participants who reported ≥2 voids/night, and a random sample of 100 respondents each reporting 0 or 1 void/night, were sent urine measurement containers and asked to complete the 3-day bladder diary. NP was defined as Nocturnal Polyuria Index >0.33 (NPI33) or nocturnal urine production >90 ml/h (NUP90). Five subgroups were created: Idiopathic NP (NP with no underlying cause), NP associated with symptoms of overactive bladder (NPOAB) or bladder outlet obstruction (NPBOO; men only), NP associated with other comorbidities (NPCOM; e.g., diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, sleep apnea), and no NP (did not meet NP criteria). Results: A total of 4893 men and 5297 women completed the EpiNP survey; mean age was 54.4 (SD = 14.7). Significantly greater patient burden (p < 0.0001) was evidenced in the nocturia group (≥2 voids/night) versus no nocturia group (0-1 void/night) on daily impact of nocturia, LUTS Bother, prostate symptoms (men only), work productivity, physical and mental health component scores, depression, fatigue, and daytime sleepiness. NP subgroup analyses showed men in the NPBOO group and women in the NPOAB group

accuracy for both ureteral and urethral margins. A 100% sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy was showed for urethral margins; 87.5% sensitivity, 80.9% specificity and 82.7% diagnostic accuracy for ureteral margins when compared to H&E final examination diagnoses.CONCLUSIONS: FCM resulted to be a safe, feasible and reproducible method for the intraoperative assessment of urethral and ureteral surgical margins during ORC. Unlike frozen sections, FCM can generate optical sections of biologic specimens allowing real-time microscopic evaluation of fresh unfixed tissue, requiring minimal tissue preparation and preserving specimens from any damage, distortion or loss.