et al.. Towards an operational methodology to optimize ecosystem services provided by urban soils. Landscape and Urban Planning, Elsevier, 2018, 176, pp.Urban soils need to be taken into account by city managers to tackle the major urban environmental issues. As other soils in forest or agricultural environments, urban soils provide a wide range of ecosystem services. However, their contribution remains poorly assessed up to now, and as a result there is a strong lack of consideration by urban planning of the services they provide. Indeed, urban soils are mostly seen as a land surface (land area, two-dimensional system) and if they are characterized, it is almost exclusively for their potential contamination and their geotechnical properties. So, policy makers and planning operators rarely consider soils as a living resource, capable to fulfill essential functions. From the conclusions of previous studies, a selection of ecosystem services provided by soil and adapted to the specificity of urban context is proposed. This paper also aims at proposing the concept of the DESTISOL decision support system for urban planning projects upstream of the planning decisions, illustrated by an application example. It is based on an integrative approach linking soil quality indicators (e.g. physico-chemical and biological characteristics, fertility, pollution), soil functions and soil ecosystem services. The method leads to the semi-quantitative assessment of the level of ecosystem services that are either provided by urban soils or required to fit with the urban design.
Le nouveau zonage en aires urbaines de 2010 95% de la population vit sous l'influence des villes Chantal Brutel, division Statistiques régionales, locales et urbaines et David Levy, pôle Analyse territoriale, Insee 61 millions de personnes, soit 95 % de la population, vivent sous l'influence de la ville. Pour l'essentiel, il s'agit de personnes résidant dans des aires, zones d'échanges intensifs entre les lieux de domicile et de travail. Les aires sont composées d'un pôle, ville concentrant au moins 1 500 emplois, et le plus souvent d'une couronne. Ces aires structurent le territoire français et englobent la moitié des communes : 85 % de la population y réside. 60 % de la population, soit 37,8 millions d'habitants, réside au sein même des pôles des grandes aires urbaines. Ces grands pôles constituent le coeur de l'urbain, avec plus de 800 habitants par km², soit huit fois plus que la moyenne nationale. En dehors des aires, 11 000 communes sont multipolarisées, sous l'influence de plusieurs aires sans qu'aucune ne prédomine : 10 % de la population y réside. Signe des nombreuses interactions entre villes et campagnes, les trois quarts des communes rurales sont sous influence des villes, dans lesquelles réside un habitant sur cinq. Hors influence des villes, on trouve 5 % de la population dans 7 400 communes rurales ou petites villes. INSEE PREMIÈRE figure dès sa parution sur www.insee.fr Les aires d'influence des villes-Le zonage en aires urbaines 2010 Source : Insee, zonage en aires urbaines 2010.
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