This study tested the hypotheses that individuals with headaches would show significantly more oral parafunctional behaviors than non-headache controls, be diagnosed with one or more temporomandibular disorders (TMD) significantly more frequently than controls, and would report significantly less pain and other symptoms of headache after participating in a habit reversal treatment to reduce oral parafunctional behaviors, compared to a wait list control. In Phase I, individuals with and without self-reported headaches were examined by a blinded examiner and participated in a week-long experience sampling protocol (ESM) to assess oral parafunctional behaviors, pain, and emotional states. In Phase II, those with headaches were randomly assigned to either a habit reversal treatment or to a wait list control group. In the last, sixth week of the program, participants again completed an ESM protocol. Results showed that headache patients were significantly more likely to report oral parafunctional behaviors than non-headache controls and to receive a Research Diagnostic Criteria/TMD diagnosis. Results from Phase II showed general improvement in both groups on pain and parafunctions. Individuals with headaches engage in significantly higher rates and intensities of oral parafunctional behaviors. Treatment of these behaviors using habit reversal techniques appears to have the same effect on pain as waiting.

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A 17-year-old Caucasian woman presented for evaluation and treatment of a tender expanding linear plaque on her left flank. Biopsy findings were consistent with morphea. Treatment initially included intralesional steroid injections and topical calcipotriene ointment, followed by methotrexate and excimer laser. The lesion decreased in size considerably with relief of symptomatic discomfort by 7 months. An excisional biopsy of a persistent eroded papule on the superior aspect of the morphea plaque revealed dermal thickening and sclerosis with superimposed perforation of a calcified nodule. Localized scleroderma, or morphea, is an autoimmune disease of the skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue primarily affecting the pediatric population. The excimer laser has been reported to effectively treat a variety of dermatologic conditions, including morphea. Its mechanism of action may be via depletion of T cells, altering apoptosis-mediating molecules and decreasing cytokine expression. Methotrexate is also useful for the acute and deep forms of morphea and has been shown to decrease levels of inter leukins-2 and -6, tenascin, and mast cells. This patient had a good clinical response with a combination of these two modalities. The epidermal perforation with transepidermal elimination of calcified necrotic collagen is a unique complication that may have been secondary to this combination treatment modality.

Health care providers and their patients jointly participate in melanoma prevention, surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment. This paper reviews screening and follow-up strategies for patients who have been diagnosed with melanoma, based on current available evidence, and focuses on methods to assess disease recurrence and second primary occurrence. Secondary prevention, including the roles of behavioral modification and chemoprevention are also reviewed. The role of follow-up dermatologist consultation, with focused physical examinations complemented by dermatoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, and/or full-body mapping is discussed. Furthermore, we address the inclusion of routine imaging and laboratory assessment as components of follow-up and monitoring of advanced stage melanoma. The role of physicians in addressing the psychosocial stresses associated with a diagnosis of melanoma is reviewed.