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Subaqueous mass-transport processes are one of the mechanisms for transport of sediment into the deep sea. Internal structures and depositional processes of carbonate mass-transport deposits are relatively poorly understood relative to siliciclastic facies due to their comparative paucity in the rock record. A variety of carbonate mass-transport deposits, including slumps, debrites and deep-channel-confined density flow deposits, occur in Middle-Upper Ordovician slope deposits in western Inner Mongolia (Wuhai), China. These provide a rare opportunity to illustrate the emplacement history of carbonate mass-transport deposits at the outcrop scale. The slumps and debrites host remarkable folds, chaotic beds and imbricated beds that reflect differences in both rheology and position on the slope. Individual slump sheets show gradations between undulating laminae, inclined and recumbent folds, highly deformed folds, and chaotic textures upslope from the toe region. Debrites are commonly interbedded with slump deposits, whereas imbricated beds are present in the middle and lower parts of the toes of slump sheets near the terminal wall. In the study area, thin-bedded limestone with slump deposits of the Kelimoli Formation are overlain by fine-grained, siliciclastic-dominated, slope deposits of the Wulalike Formation. A thick breccia of the Wulalike Formation was deposited in a main feeder channel in south-east Wuhai, but to the west-north-west the breccia was deposited in distributary channels possibly represented as a unique lower-slope pattern of gullies. At the latter locality, the breccia was deposited solely within the channels on a steep west-north-west dipping slope under density-driven flows. The mass-transport deposits documented herein records passive to foreland basin tectonic transitions, and associated platform foundering and steepening of the slope. A slope facies model was constructed to demonstrate the spatial and temporal variations of mass-transport deposits during basin evolution, and as such it provides a template for the interpretation of the deposits of ancient slopes that underwent passive to active tectonic transitions.

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