Objective: To associate dietary patterns and food neophobia in low-income preschoolers. Design: This was a cross-sectional study using a semi-structured questionnaire for sociodemographic data, birth conditions and breastfeeding history. Food neophobia was assessed using an adapted version of the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS). Children's nutritional status was assessed using body mass index-for-age and height-for-age z-scores. Dietary patterns were estimated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire through exploratory factor analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to test for an association between food neophobia and dietary pattern adherence. Setting: Philanthropic childhood education schools in Aracaju, an urban community in northeastern Brazil, between July and December 2017. Subjects: Two hundred fourteen children aged 3-6 years and their parents. Results: The percentages of low/medium and high food neophobia among preschoolers were 85.9% and 11.2%, respectively. Children with high food neophobia more frequently consumed ultra-processed foods rich in sugars (snacks, filled and unfilled cookies, and sweets), as well as protein-rich foods (white meat, cheese and yogurt). Three dietary patterns were identified (traditional, snacks and school snacks). Children with a high level of neophobia had lower adherence to traditional dietary patterns. Conclusions: A high level of food neophobia among socially vulnerable preschoolers is an eating behaviour related to unhealthy eating and is associated with the poorest diet in typical foods.

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