Using classic elite understandings as our point of departure, we specify the constituent elements and repertoires of the cultural elite as these are described in Swedish and Norwegian newspapers. Through qualitative and quantitative content analyses, we contextualize and compare the cultural elite through five occupational categories and five main themes, and we ask how these characterizations affect the role this elite plays in politics. Also, we suggest a theoretical apparatus for how to link thematic analysis to national cultural repertoires and configurations. We find that there is a higher percentage of references to artists and those with authority over culture production in Sweden than in Norway, while the cultural elite are referred to as academics and culture policy influencers more often in Norway. Another finding is a high level of similarity between the two countries’ view of the cultural elite as snobbish, politically correct, powerful, arrogant and privileged. The study shows that the cultural elite are drawn into a media logic in which they are portrayed as despised adversaries of ordinary people. However, the cultural elite is a more politically contentious label in Sweden than in Norway. The Swedish cultural elite are described as both more cherished and more despised. Moreover, access to membership in the cultural elite is more difficult, and the polarization between the cultural elite and ordinary people is stronger in Sweden.
Images are effective tools of political persuasion. While not aiming at a comprehensive overview, this article tries to capture the visual mode of political communication by studying how the portrayal of politicians provides the public with knowledge about the world of politics during different information eras. The main question is how the development of new forms of media, each with individual possibilities and restrictions regarding display, access, reach and storage, facilitate specific forms of visual politics. Visual presentations of politicians are analyzed in their face-to-face interaction with a public, as well as in sculptures, paintings, photographs, film, television and digital media. Central questions are what images are displayed, how are they displayed and with what media technology. Also examined are rhetorical functions, the images' institutional anchorage and forms of interaction. The examples range from the Greek agora, where citizens could assemble and be taken in 'at a single view', to the Nordic prime ministers' profile pictures on Facebook.
This article explores images of high-level female politicians in France and Norway from 1980 to 2010, examining the ways in which they present themselves to the media and their subsequent reception by journalists. Women in French politics experience diffi culties living up to a masculine heroic leadership ideal historically marked by drama, conquest, and seductiveness. In contrast, Norwegian female politicians have challenged the traditional leadership ethos of conspicuous modesty and low-key presentation. We argue that images of French and Norwegian politicians in the media are not only national constructions; they are also gendered. Seven images of women in politics are discussed:(1) men in skirts and ladies of stone, (2) seductresses, (3) diff erent types of mothers, (4) heroines of the past, (5) women in red, (6) glamorous women, and (7) women using ironic femininity. The last three images-color, glamour, and irony-are identifi ed as new strategies female politicians use to accentuate their positions of power with signs of female sensuality. It is thus possible for female politicians to show signs of feminine sensuality and still avoid negative gender stereotyping.
Hvilke trekk er det ved kultureliten som gjør at vi elsker å hate den, hvordan vurderes den politisk, og hvilke motsetninger og interne spenninger rommer forestillingene om den? Spørsmålene besvares gjennom bruk av en kombinert kvantitativ og kvalitativ ramme-og kulturanalyse av svenske og norske riksaviser (2008-2015). Den typiske representanten beskrives som en smakselitistisk, politisk korrekt, mektig, arrogant og privilegert figur. Av de fem rammene som fremanalyseres, er det kulturelitens smak og politiske betydning som dominerer i begge land. Til tross for noe ambivalens, er begge lands kultureliter beskrevet overveiende negativt. Kulturelitens angivelige forakt og arroganse provoserer aller mest. De mediekonstruerte mytene om kultureliten konstrueres likevel noe ulikt. Den svenske kultureliten beskrives som mer politisk betent og kontroversiell-både med hensyn til spenninger mellom kulturelite og folk og mellom kulturelitens kvinner og menn. Samtidig viser sammenlikninger med tidligere undersøkelser at en vag politisk skepsis til den norske kultureliten er erstattet av mer aggressive holdninger. Artikkelens teoretiske bidrag er koblingen av rammeanalyse, kulturell resonans og myter, et rammeverk som i større grad enn konvensjonell rammeanalyse gir mulighet til å analysere interne motsetninger og formmessige driv i kollektive oppfatninger.
Anne Krogstad er dr.polit i sosialantropologi (1999) og professor i sosiologi ved Universitetet i Oslo. Faglige interesser er politisk lederskap i ulike land, politisk kommunikasjon, høyreekstremisme, sansenes sosiologi/antropologi, kultureliter, sosiale medier og subkultur. SAMMENDRAG Det å fremstå som autentisk i offentlighetens øyne handler om troverdig etablering av troverdighet, men reiser vanskelige spørsmål om forholdet mellom fakta og fiksjon. Med utspring i teorier om visuelle tegn og retorikk analyseres tre statsministeres og en statsministerkandidats bildefremstillinger, samt hvorvidt og i hvilken grad disse politikerne ble opplevd som autentiske av mottakere. Ulike eksempler på autentisitetskontrakter og-brudd mellom politikere og mottakere drøftes. Gjennomgangen viser at det visuelle kan brukes til å dokumentere, klargjøre og naermest «speile» en politikers kvaliteter, men at det også kan brukes til å kompensere for, utfordre, bryte med og utvide slike kvaliteter, noe som har konsekvenser for etablering av autentisitet. Konstruksjon av visuell politisk autentisitet knyttes til partitilhørighet, kjønn, tid og sted, men også til profesjonalisering av politisk kommunikasjon. De dimensjonene ved autentisitet som fremheves, er forutsigbarhet, annerledeshet, naerhet, interessevekkende distanse, egentlighet, spontanitet, gjennomsiktighet, alminnelighet og ujålethet.
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