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The prevalence of anorectal anomalies in this study is comparable to other case series. There was no evidence of a temporal increase in prevalence. We confirmed a male predominance of anorectal anomalies and no significant association with maternal age. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:597-602, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Introduction: There has been considerable expansion in the use of flexible cystoscopy (FC) and people who can perform the procedure. Hence, there is a criticism that this procedure is being overused with no management benefit. Materials and Methods: We audited the use of FC in a district hospital for a period of 1 year. The results of FC for non-standard indications (other than haematuria and check cystoscopy) were analysed for their diagnostic yield. Results: Of the 1,390 FCs performed, 295 were done for non-standard indications. 46.14% of these cystoscopies had positive findings. Cancer detection rate was 6.10%. Cystoscopy altered the management in 14.08% of patients and was supportive to diagnosis and management in 32.06%. Conclusion: This procedure is certainly not overused and the ever-increasing requirement of this simple procedure has serious resource implications for the National Health Service.

We have established a reliable method for culturing transitional cell tumors of the human urinary bladder. Out of seventy-four set up in culture, forty-eight were successfully maintained and their behavior studied using metaphase arrest and 125IUdR uptake.