Abuse of prescription drugs remains a major challenge among students in spite of numerous interventions aimed at curbing it. This study set out to examine the relationship between awareness of behavioural risk and psychosocial wellness of students in public secondary schools in Nairobi. The study was based on the situated rationality theories and social action theories and adopted the correlational research design. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively by use of frequencies, percentages and means. It was also analyzed inferentially by use of Pearson correlation. Data from interviews and secondary data sources were analyzed using thematic and content analysis procedures. The study sampled 255 respondents. These included 100 students, 96 teachers, 42 principals and, 17 MOE officials. Out of these, 100 students (100%), 77 teachers (80.2%), 34 principals (81%) and 11 MOE officials (64.7%) responded. The findings show that prescription drug misuse is rampant among students despite the fact that most of them were aware of the associated risks. Pearson correlation showed that all the awareness factors under investigation had statistically significant relationships with psychosocial wellness among students (r=0.473, p<0.05). The study concludes that drug usage is widespread among secondary school students in Nairobi County, in terms of the types, quantity, and frequency of use. In line with the study findings, the study established that awareness of behavioural risk should also be enhanced at school and community levels through guidance and counselling interventions backed by school and government disciplinary policies.
Muchos países, especialmente los países en desarrollo, ofrecen diversos incentivos fiscales para atraer inversiones extranjeras para el crecimiento y el desarrollo sectorial. Este fenómeno se presenta aún más en la industria extractiva porque el sector no solo es altamente especializado, sino que también es intensivo en capital y tecnología. Actualmente existe una gran preocupación por el flujo financiero ilícito de África y la amenaza que representa para la movilización de recursos nacionales. El informe Mbeki (2015) destaca los incentivos fiscales, el abuso de los tratados tributarios, los precios de transferencia, las administraciones tributarias débiles, los regímenes tributarios mal diseñados y los contratos extractivos mal negociados como algunas de las principales causas de los flujos financieros ilícitos. De ello se deduce que otorgar incentivos fiscales a la industria extractiva, especialmente si no están diseñados adecuadamente, puede exacerbar el problema. África oriental se ha convertido en los últimos años en un área de interés para muchas compañías internacionales de petróleo y gas. El petróleo se descubrió en Uganda y Kenia en 2006 y 2012, respectivamente, mientras que Tanzania y Mozambique tienen vastas reservas de gas (Augé, 2015). Esto presenta una oportunidad para que la región prepare el terreno estableciendo el marco legislativo adecuado para beneficiarse plenamente de las actividades extractivas. El documento examina la política y los desafíos prácticos del régimen fiscal del petróleo y el gas desde una perspectiva fiscal internacional. El documento analiza los incentivos fiscales disponibles en el sector de petróleo y gas y si son dañinos o no dentro del ámbito de acción de la OCDE BEPS 5, las áreas de riesgo fiscal internacional, las intervenciones disponibles en la ley actual y hace recomendaciones de políticas. El régimen fiscal ha abordado la mayoría de las áreas de riesgo fiscal internacional. El ITA requiere la determinación de precios de las transacciones. Los incentivos fiscales deben dirigirse a industrias específicas, solicitar un período de tiempo limitado, dejar poco espacio a la discreción personal y ser revisados para garantizar su eficiencia y eficacia. El ITA tiene reglas de precios de transferencia, reglas de cercado, reglas de capitalización delgada y prevé la tributación de la ganancia neta en las transferencias indirectas. Sin embargo, existen desafíos como la capacidad inadecuada para auditar los costos, la falta de datos comparables de calidad, la explotación de la deuda en capital, ratio de restricción de intereses mediante el aumento de capital, y la resolución de conflictos. El documento recomienda desarrollar más capacidad, mejorar la legislación y la cooperación entre las agencias gubernamentales para mantenerse al día con las crecientes necesidades de la industria.
Introduction The human-restricted sexually transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) has been shown to modulate the immune response against it and consequently the cytokines produced. The levels of cytokines in NG infection in the African population have not been well described. We aimed to quantify the systemic and mucosal cytokines in NG infection. Methods This was a comparative cross-sectional study. Levels of nine cytokines (IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, 1L-6, 1L-10, 1L-12p70, IL-17A, TNF-a and INF-g) were measured from plasma and genital samples (urethral swabs in men and cervicovaginal lavage in women) from 61 Neisseria gonorrhoeae infected individuals seeking treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at Casino Health Centre in Nairobi, Kenya. A comparative group of 61 NG-uninfected individuals, seeking treatment at the same facility but with laboratory-confirmed negative Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis(TV) was also included. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the cytokine levels between NG-infected and uninfected individuals. Data was analyzed using STATA ver. 15.1. Results Overall, systemic IL-6, TNF-a and IL-10 were elevated while genital IL-10 and TNF-a were lower in NG positive participants. On subgroup analysis by sex, the levels of genital IL-1b and IL-6 and systemic IL-6 were elevated in NG-infected men. None of the genital cytokines were elevated in NG-infected women, while all systemic cytokines, except INF-g, were elevated in NG-infected women. Conclusion Neisseria gonorrhoeae induced the production of different cytokines in men and women, with men having a pro-inflammatory genital response. These differences should be taken into consideration during development of various interventions e.g. vaccine development.
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