No abstract

To investigate the impact of residual b-cell function on continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) outcomes following acute exercise in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty participants with T1D for ‡3 years were recruited. First, participants wore a blinded CGM unit for 7 days of free-living data capture. Second, a 3-h mixed-meal test assessed stimulated C-peptide and glucagon. Peak C-peptide was used to allocate participants into undetectable (Cpep und <3 pmol/L), low (Cpep low 3-200 pmol/L), or high (Cpep high >200 pmol/L) C-peptide groups. Finally, participants completed 45 min of incline treadmill walking at 60% VO 2peak followed by a further 48-h CGM capture. RESULTS CGM parameters were comparable across groups during the free-living observation week.In the 12-and 24-h postexercise periods (12 h and 24 h), the Cpep high group had a significantly greater amount of time spent with glucose 3

The HypoCOMPaSS study was designed to test the hypothesis that successful avoidance of biochemical hypoglycemia without compromising overall glycemic control would restore sufficient hypoglycemia awareness to prevent recurrent severe hypoglycemia in the majority of participants with established type 1 diabetes. Before starting the study, we planned to investigate associations between baseline characteristics and recurrent severe hypoglycemia over 2 years' follow-up. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 96 adults with type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia participated in a 24-week 2 3 2 factorial randomized controlled trial comparing insulin delivery and glucose monitoring modalities, with the goal of rigorous biochemical hypoglycemia avoidance. The analysis included 71 participants who had experienced severe hypoglycemia in the 12-month prestudy with confirmed absence (complete responder) or presence (incomplete responder) of severe hypoglycemia over 24 months' follow-up. RESULTS There were 43 (61%) complete responders and 28 (39%) incomplete responders experiencing mean 6 SD 1.5 6 1.0 severe hypoglycemia events/person-year. At 24 months, incomplete responders spent no more time with glucose £3 mmol/L (1.4 6 2.1% vs. 3.0 6 4.8% for complete responders; P 5 0.26), with lower total daily insulin dose (0.45 vs. 0.58 units/24 h; P 5 0.01) and greater impairment of hypoglycemia awareness (Clarke score: 3.8 6 2.2 vs. 2.0 6 1.9; P 5 0.01). Baseline severe hypoglycemia rate (16.9 6 16.3 vs. 6.4 6 10.8 events/person-year; P 5 0.002) and fear of hypoglycemia were higher in incomplete responders. Peripheral neuropathy was more prevalent in incomplete responders (11 [39%] vs. 2 [4.7%]; P < 0.001) with a trend toward increased autonomic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS Recurrent severe hypoglycemia was associated with higher preintervention severe hypoglycemia rate, fear of hypoglycemia, and concomitant neuropathy.

The UK islet allotransplant program is nationally funded to deliver one or two transplants over 12 months to individuals with type 1 diabetes and recurrent severe hypoglycemia. Analyses were undertaken 10 years after program inception to evaluate associations between transplanted mass; single versus two transplants; time between two transplants and graft survival (stimulated C‐peptide >50 pmol/L) and function. In total, 84 islet transplant recipients were studied. Uninterrupted graft survival over 12 months was attained in 23 (68%) single and 47 (94%) (p = .002) two transplant recipients (separated by [median (IQR)] 6 (3–8) months). 64% recipients of one or two transplants with uninterrupted function at 12 months sustained graft function at 6 years. Total transplanted mass was associated with Mixed Meal Tolerance Test stimulated C‐peptide at 12 months (p < .01). Despite 1.9‐fold greater transplanted mass in recipients of two versus one islet infusion (12 218 [9291–15 417] vs. 6442 [5156–7639] IEQ/kg; p < .0001), stimulated C‐peptide was not significantly higher. Shorter time between transplants was associated with greater insulin dose reduction at 12 months (beta −0.35; p = .02). Graft survival over the first 12 months was greater in recipients of two versus one islet transplant in the UK program, although function at 1 and 6 years was comparable. Minimizing the interval between 2 islet infusions may maximize cumulative impact on graft function.