Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Serum neuron-specific enolase (sNSE) is considered a marker for neuronal damage, related to gray matter structures. Previous studies indicated its potential as marker for structural and functional damage in conditions with adverse effects to the brain like obesity and dementia. In the present study, we investigated the putative association between sNSE levels, body mass index (BMI), total gray matter volume (GMV), and magnetic resonance imaging-based indices of aging as well as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like patterns. Subjects/Methods: sNSE was determined in 901 subjects (499 women, 22–81 years, BMI 18–48 kg/m2), participating in a population-based study (SHIP-TREND). We report age-specific patterns of sNSE levels between males and females. Females showed augmenting, males decreasing sNSE levels associated with age (males: p = 0.1052, females: p = 0.0363). sNSE levels and BMI were non-linearly associated, showing a parabolic association and decreasing sNSE levels at BMI values >25 (p = 0.0056). In contrast to our hypotheses, sNSE levels were not associated with total GMV, aging, or AD-like patterns. Pathomechanisms discussed are: sex-specific hormonal differences, neuronal damage/differentiation, or impaired cerebral glucose metabolism. We assume a sex-dependence of age-related effects to the brain. Further, we propose in accordance to previous studies an actual neuronal damage in the early stages of obesity. However, with progression of overweight, we assume more profound effects of excess body fat to the brain.
ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Studie wurden 25 Pferde klinisch und echokardiographisch vor und nach einer 3-monatigen Behandlung mit dem Weißdornkombinationspräparat Coronal ® untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde eine Besitzerbefragung durchgeführt. Bei der Erstuntersuchung (U1) wurde bei den meisten Pferden eine Mitralklappeninsuffizienz festgestellt. Bei 15 dieser Pferde lag zusätzlich eine Trikuspidalklappeninsuffizienz vor, die bei 5 Pferden außerdem mit Vorhofflimmern vergesellschaftet war. Bei 5 Pferden war die Mitralklappeninsuffizienz mit einer Trikuspidal-und einer Aortenklappeninsuffizienz kombiniert. Auch bei diesen Pferden zeigten 3 Pferde zusätzlich Vorhofflimmern. Lediglich 4 Pferde zeigten eine isolierte Mitralklappeninsuffizienz, die bei einem Pferd mit Vorhofflimmern kombiniert war. Ein Pferd hatte ausschließlich Vorhofflimmern. Im B-Mode zeigte sich der Durchmesser der linksventrikulären Hinterwand in der Diastole bei der Nachuntersuchung (U2) signifikant kleiner als bei der U1 (p = 0,05). Im M-Mode waren keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der U1 und der U2 festzustellen. Insgesamt zeigten bei der U1 10 Pferde Vorhofflimmern. Auch bei diesen Pferden war bei der U2 eine signifikante Verringerung der linksventrikulären Hinterwand (p = 0,05) festzustellen. Vier Pferde wiesen bei der U1 eine Kardiomegalie auf. Bei diesen Pferden war kein Unterschied der B-und M-Mode Befunde zwischen der U1 und der U2 festzustellen.Bei 17 Pferden war bei der U1 der linke Vorhof über 13,5 cm Durchmesser vergrößert. Bei diesen Pferden war zwischen der U1 und der U2 ebenfalls kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied festzustellen. Bei 8 Pferden war bei der U1 eine Dilatation des linken Ventrikels von mehr als 13,5 cm Durchmesser vorhanden. Bei der U2 war bei diesen Pferden der Durchmesser der linksventrikulären Hinterwand ebenfalls signifikant verringert (p = 0,008). Bei Rückflüssen an den Atrioventrikularklappen hat sich das hämodynamisch relevante Ostium der Regurgitation (Vena contracta) von der U1 zu der U2 signifikant verringert (Trikuspidalklappenrückflüsse: p = 0,01; Mitralklappenrückflüsse: p = 0,02 In the present study a clinical and echocardiographical examination was carried out in 25 horses before and after a 3 month application of hawthorn (Coronal ® ).During the first examination (U1) most of the horses were diagnosed with a mitral valve insufficiency. 15 horses showed an additional tricuspis valve insufficiency, which was accompanied with atrial fibrillation in 5 horses. In 5 horses the mitral valve insufficiency was accompanied with a tricuspis and aortic valve insufficiency. 3 out of these horses had also atrial fibrillation. Only 4 horses showed a single mitral valve insufficiency, which was accompanied with atrial fibrillation in one horse. One horse had atrial fibrillation without heart valve insufficiency. B-mode echocardiography revealed a significant smaller left ventricular free wall during diastole (p = 0,05) in the second examination (U2) compared to the first (U1). M-mode echocardiograp...
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