Intensive harvesting and forest management systems will increase nitrogen and organic matter losses from forest soils, and there will be a need to manage the soils using both fertilizers and nitrogen-fixing techniques to maintain site productivity. Legumes and non-legumes with nitrogen-fixing symbioses can fix up to 300 kg ha−1 year−1 of nitrogen and provide soil organic matter, but poor soils will need fertilization to maintain the nitrogen-fixing process. There are many species and cultural techniques the forester can use, including green manuring and mixed stands, but carefully designed field trials are needed to solve cultural problems. In addition, there are many opportunities for genetic selection of both the trees and shrubs and the bacteria (actinomycetes) involved. Before the systems can be used effectively the operational foresters will need to be better informed about the soil biota and the interaction with site and vegetation. The development of nitrogen-fixing systems offers a biotechnological opportunity for Canadian foresters to increase tree yield while maintaining site productivity.

Purpose of Review In the ever-changing healthcare system, along with new advancements in the field of allergy, the workflow for the allergist continues to evolve requiring more time spent doing non-clinical duties such as documentation and reviewing reimbursement challenges in the midst of busy clinics. The use of electronic medical records and medical scribes has emerged as tactics to aid the clinic's workflow and efficiency in the modern allergy and immunology clinic.Recent Findings The practicing allergist can implement various additional strategies in their office workflow to maximize and synthesize good medicine and good business. Optimal use of office staff, electronic health records, and various workflow efficiencies has been shown to improve job satisfaction and reduce physician burnout. Summary By utilizing these methods and integrating them into their practices, allergists will be able to meet the demands of the healthcare system and still provide patients with evidence based, compassionate, and cost-effective care.

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The report reviews present tree improvement programs in Canada, the benefits which can be expected from these programs, and the need for genetically superior seed in Canada's future planting and seeding programs.Tree improvement has an important role to play in Canada's forest economy. The selection and use of genetically superior seed can result in appreciable gains in tree crop yield, crop security and wood quality. The costs of implementation of tree improvement programs per acre of land to be planted and seeded are relatively low compared with other means of increasing yield, and the potential returns on the investment are high. Small improvements in wood quality can greatly increase mill profits. The seed requirements for Canada's future planting and seeding programs can only be met by an integrated program of work by federal, provincial, industrial and university agencies on both research and development aspects of tree improvement.