The C-aryl glucoside 6 (dapagliflozin) was identified as a potent and selective hSGLT2 inhibitor which reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner by as much as 55% in hyperglycemic streptozotocin (STZ) rats. These findings, combined with a favorable ADME profile, have prompted clinical evaluation of dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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A practical synthesis of the SGLT-2 inhibitor β-C-aryl-D-glucoside (1) has been developed. The route employed 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-trimethlysilyl-D-glucano-1,5-lactone as the key chiral building block, prepared efficiently from the commercially available, inexpensive raw materials, D-gluconolactone and trimethylsilyl chloride. The salient step in the synthesis is the Lewis acid-mediated stereoselective reduction of a methyl C-aryl peracetylated glycoside using a silyl hydride to set the stereochemistry of the crucial anomeric chiral center. Several novel cocrystalline complexes of 1 with L-phenylalanine and L-proline were discovered. Single-crystal structures of these complexes and several synthetic intermediates have been determined. The Lphenylalanine complex was developed and used to purify and isolate the API. All steps were implemented at multikilogram scale.

An efficient and practical process to generate beta-C-arylglucoside derivatives was achieved. The process described involves Lewis acid mediated ionic reduction of a peracetylated 1-C-aryl methyl glucoside derived from the addition of an aryl-Li to selectively protected delta-D-gluconolactone. The reduction of the 2-acetoxy-1-C-oxacarbenium ion intermediates proceeds with a high degree of selectivity to give beta-C-arylglucosides without 2-acetoxy group participation. Furthermore, during the reduction process we also identified an unprecedented critical role of water. By changing from the usual benzyl ether protecting groups because of cost and chemical compatibility concerns, the new process is made additionally efficient and highly selective.