Anthropogenically released CO accumulates in the global carbon cycle and is anticipated to imbalance global carbon fluxes [1]. For example, increased atmospheric CO induces a net air-to-sea flux where the oceans take up large amounts of atmospheric CO (i.e., ocean acidification [2-5]). Research on ocean acidification is ongoing, and studies have demonstrated the consequences for ecosystems and organismal biology with major impacts on marine food webs, nutrient cycles, overall productivity, and biodiversity [6-9]. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the impact of anthropogenically caused CO on freshwater systems due to their more complex biogeochemistry. The current consensus, yet lacking data evidence, is that anthropogenic CO does indeed affect freshwater carbon hydrogeochemistry, causing increased pCO in freshwater bodies [10-13]. We analyzed long-term data from four freshwater reservoirs and observed a continuous pCO increase associated with a decrease in pH, indicating that not only the oceans but also inland waters are accumulating CO. We tested the effect of pCO-dependent freshwater acidification using the cosmopolite crustacean Daphnia. For general validity, control pCO-levels were based on the present global pCO average. Treatments were selected with very high pCO levels, assuming a continuous non-linear increase of pCO, reflecting worst-case-scenario future pCO levels. Such levels of elevated pCO reduced the ability of Daphnia to sense its predators and form adequate inducible defenses. We furthermore determined that pCO and not the resulting reduction in pH impairs predator perception. If pCO alters chemical communication between freshwater species, this perturbs intra- and interspecific information transfer, which may affect all trophic levels.
The current information era provides the population with new innovative technologies, including extended reality (XR). These innovations enhance their scope with new opportunities. While extended reality found its way into medical teaching, its application is limmited. Causal is the lack of haptic feedback, which limits the immersive experience. While simulation devices exist, haptic gloves are oftentimes only applicable for enterprise use and not available for everyone, because of their high prices. Therefore Lucas VRTech developed the LucidGloves to allow a widespread use of cheap haptic gloves. In this paper, a suitability test is performed to determine whether the Prototype 4 of the LucidGloves is suitable for use in medical teaching, based on expert interviews with four physicians.
The teaching of medicine is in a state of flux. New technologies enable students to learn faster and more efficiently than ever before. Especially the possibilities that augmented reality brings with it can be applied very well in this field. The possibility to project additional information directly into the user’s field of vision allows him to perceive additional knowledge without being distracted from the actual work. In this paper, a possibility of training Mamma Palpation is presented, which teaches students the course of action and the detection of possible tumors through virtual points. Through guideline-based interviews, added value for teaching could be highlighted.
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