No abstract

The deadly outbreak of the second wave of Covid-19, especially in worst hit lower-middle-income countries like India, and the drastic rise of another growing epidemic of Mucormycosis , call for an efficient mathematical tool to model pandemics, analyse their course of outbreak and help in adopting quicker control strategies to converge to an infection-free equilibrium. This review paper on prominent pandemics reveals that their dispersion is chaotic in nature having long-range memory effects and features which the existing integer-order models fail to capture. This paper thus puts forward the use of fractional-order (FO) chaos theory that has memory capacity and hereditary properties, as a potential tool to model the pandemics with more accuracy and closeness to their real physical dynamics. We investigate eight FO models of Bombay plague, Cancer and Covid-19 pandemics through phase portraits, time series, Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation analysis. FO controllers (FOCs) on the concepts of fuzzy logic, adaptive sliding mode and active backstepping control are designed to stabilise chaos. Also, FOCs based on adaptive sliding mode and active backstepping synchronisation are designed to synchronise a chaotic epidemic with a non-chaotic one, to mitigate the unpredictability due to chaos during transmission. It is found that severity and complexity of the models increase as the memory fades, indicating that FO can be used as a crucial parameter to analyse the progression of a pandemic. To sum it up, this paper will help researchers to have an overview of using fractional calculus in modelling pandemics more precisely and also to approximate, choose, stabilise and synchronise the chaos control parameter that will eliminate the extreme sensitivity and irregularity of the models.