Antifungal activities of nineteen plant extracts were tested in 2010 with the objectives of screening potential plant extracts against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides under in vitro and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, on papaya (Carica papaya L.) during storage. Ethyl acetate extracts of Lantana camara resulted in the highest inhibition (with inhibition zone of 35.3 mm) and showed strong activity against C. gloeosporioides. Inhibition levels of spore germination that reached 88.7, 85.8, 85.1 and 84.6% were recorded over the control by extracts of Lantana camara, Lantana viburnoides, Echinops sp. and Ruta chalepensis. Four aqueous extracts were evaluated for control of anthracnose under in vivo for 14 days, and Echinops sp. (25%) was found to be most effective in the reduction of disease development and maintaining the overall quality of papaya fruit. Further studies on isolation and characterization of the active (antifungal) compounds are needed.

Field survey was done in North Gondar during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 cropping seasons with the objective of, assessing the importance of faba bean diseases. Disease severity varied across and within districts. Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), gall-forming (Olpidium viciae), rust (Uromyces fabae) and aschochyta blight (Aschochyta fabae) were the most dominate and frequently occurring diseases of faba bean. The highest mean severity of chocolate spot (43%) and rust (36%) were recorded at Takusa district whereas the highest mean severity (42%) of gall-forming disease was recorded at Debark district. The association of independent variables with faba bean disease varied among themselves. Variables such as year, altitude, growth stage of the crop and crop conditions were significantly associated with the chocolate spot, gall-forming, and rust diseases. Chocolate spot, gall-forming, and aschochyta blight diseases severity was higher in surveyed fields with an altitude greater than 2,700 m above sea level (masl). However, rust severity was higher in areas with an elevation below 2,200 m.a.s.l. Among growth stages, the highest disease severity of chocolate spot, rust, and aschochyta blight was recorded on fields during the flowering stage. Therefore, integrated disease management options should be developed for the future for those major diseases of faba bean.

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The experiment was done for two years on tef shoot fly (Atherigona spp.) hot spot areas of Sekota, Ethiopia, with the objective of selecting effective and economically feasible insecticides. Five insecticides were evaluated on DZ-01-99 variety of Eragrostis tef in randomized complete block design with three replications. Insecticides were applied twice; seven days after emergence of E. tef and 10 days after first application. The result revealed that applications of insecticides were found biologically effective and economically feasible over the unsprayed control. The lowest number of dead heart of 2.82 and 3.09 were recorded on those plots treated with Lambda cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos-ethyl which gave the highest yield 1267.59 and 1225.77 kg ha -1 , respectively. Therefore, we recommended judicious use of chlorpyrifos-ethyl and Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC at a rate of 1.5 L and 0.4 L ha -1 , respectively, for the management of tef shoot fly.

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