Even though poverty has decreased in recent years, it is still a challenge in Ethiopia especially in rural areas the rate of decrease is slower than the counterpart. Most rural livelihoods in the study area depend on rain-fed agriculture and their exposure to poverty and its risk factors not well documented. So, to fill this gap this study examined the extent and the major determinants of poverty at different levels of expenditure quantiles in the rural household of Bahir dar zuria district, Ethiopia. This study used the FGT index and quantile regression model. The determinants of rural household poverty were total family size, total land ownership, distance to market, non-off-farm income, and bad health status of the household head. It was found that the total family size and bad health status of the household head can increase the poverty of the rural household which is lower the standard of living of rural households. While the non-off-farm income can decrease the poverty of the rural household. Thus, to reduce the poverty of the rural household; government policies and programs should give more emphasis on family planning, the necessity of health insurance, and improving the service of health institutions to bring overall household welfare development. Moreover, it promotes rural households to participate in off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities beyond agriculture to diversify their employment.

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The main objective of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to adolescent childbearing and to examine to what extent these factors influence adolescent fertility of women in rural Ethiopia. This study was based on 2510 adolescent fertility data of rural women aged 15 -19 years that was extracted from the original women data of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Descriptive analysis, chi-square test and binary logistic analysis were employed. Hence, based on the result, religion, current contraceptive method use, woman educational level, wealth index were the most contributing risk factors for adolescent childbearing of women in rural Ethiopia. The risk of having children in adolescent years was greater for not educated women than those who had secondary or higher education. In addition, the chance of having a child in adolescent years for poor households' women was higher than that of their counterparts. Hence strengthening poor households by designing different strategies can have better life and good decision maker about their adolescent childbearing.

Background: Waste is a byproduct of human life. Nowadays, municipal solid waste is being produced in excessive amounts and in this way, both developing and developed countries are facing challenges regarding generation of waste. Economic development, urbanization and improved living standards in cities have contributed to increase in the amount and complexity of solid waste produced. Methods: this study aims to Analysis of households' willingness to pay for improved solid waste management Services in Gondar city, Ethiopia: evidence from a double-bounded dichotomous contingent Valuation Method.Result: A total of 222 randomly selected households were interviewed to address the objective of this study. Finally, the survey result indicated that 192(87.3%) of sample households were willing to pay for improved solid waste management services. Following this, the one and double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation result revealed that the mean willingness to pay estimated from the Double Bounded dichotomous CVM and open ended formats were 34.48 and 17.0756 ETB[1] per month per households respectively. The total WTP was obtained by adding the WTP of the total households in each stratum, and is equal to 941361ETB and 1900848 ETB for open ended and double bounded format, respectively. Additionally, the bivariate probit model result demonstrated that income and education have positive and significant effects on willingness to pay bid amounts. The results, age, marital status, Bid1 and Bid2 have a negative and significant effect on households’ amount of willingness to pay for better solid waste management services. Conclusion: When allocating service charges the city municipality considers amount of solid waste generation and income level of the households. The study results show that when educational status of the households increases and increase their willing to participate in planned improved solid waste management service. Thus, awareness creation is importance for better solid waste management. Additionally the city municipality facilitates a learning media for uneducated households to come up with at least secondary education level.