The Igbos live in southeastern Nigeria and number over 23 million with population densities ranging from 300 to over 1000 persons per kilometer, the highest in West Africa. As a first step towards solving the problems of stunting and micronutrient deficiency, this study sought to document traditional foods in terms of availability in seasons and their use in Igbo culture area. Eight communities selected from four States were used for the study. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used to document and ascertain use of local foods by households. About 294 species and over 400 varieties of foods were documented. The results show that, for the Igbos, maize and rice are the major cereals consumed. The foreign rice syndrome has in the recent past overtaken many households, especially in the urban areas. Twenty one (21) species of starchy roots and tubers, 20 legumes, 21 nuts/seeds, 116 vegetables, 12 mushrooms and 36 fruits were documented of which 9, 3, 7, 12, 0 and 11 respectively were found in food composition tables. Cereals, starchy roots and tubers are important food groups for the Igbo people. They are available all year round but are more abundant during the harvest season. They form the base of the diet of Igbo culture area. Most commonly consumed legume is the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Local varieties of cowpea and other species of legumes are also available but not produced in large quantities. The scientific names of most of the mushrooms have not been found. Fruits were not main parts of the diet but were eaten outside regular meals. Two types of oil (red palm oil and vegetable oil) were documented. A total of 21 condiments and spices were identified. Some of these condiments are soup thickeners and are high in dietary fiber. Animal foods were about 27 species for meat/poultry/eggs, 12 species of fish and 3 species of insect/larvae were documented. Milk and milk products were not mentioned. Availability and seasonality determined the consumption of these foods by the Igbo people. In all Igbo communities, foods are eaten not only for their nutritional values but also for their medicinal and sociocultural significance.

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Theoretically, violence is a human rights issue, and human rights are fundamental to values of dignity, equality, non-discrimination and non-interference, and these cut across gender, social, cultural, political, class, religious and geographical issues. Human beings, properties and resources are in millions daily destroyed. Children are abused. Women remain injured and humiliated, so much so that men’s status seemed to be changing. Hence, this study embarked on examining Women in Domestic Violence inNigeriausing gender perspectives. Among the findings is that in many parts ofNigeria, women and girls are subjected to physical, sexual and psychological abuse that cuts across lines of income, class, religion and culture. Recommendations made include the following: adoption of concerted or integrated approach to decision making and implementation.

Research Summary Women entrepreneurs in emerging economies face significant constraints in operating their businesses. Leveraging two samples of new ventures in Nigeria and Ghana, we explore gender differences in the relational orientation of entrepreneurs in their market interactions with customers. We observe that female entrepreneurs are more likely than their male counterparts to apply a relational approach in the receipt of payments for goods and services and in the structure of purchase contracts. These stylized findings are considered against the backdrop of existing literature and offer insight into the ways women entrepreneurs approach transactions with customers, especially in the context of emerging market ventures in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Managerial Summary Women entrepreneurs in emerging economies are confronted by significant resource challenges. But women entrepreneurs could also have an advantage in customer relationships. Our study uncovers two types of relational mechanisms that women entrepreneurs in emerging economies utilize in their engagement with customers. First, we find that female entrepreneurs are more likely than their male counterparts to utilize relational payments, in the form of prepayments or post payments from their customers. Second, female entrepreneurs are more likely to utilize relational contracts, in the form of unwitnessed oral purchase contracts with customers. Our study highlights the virtue of incorporating relational mechanisms in policies and practices aimed at fostering female entrepreneurship in emerging economies.

Despite some efforts by the government, corporate bodies, civil society, national universities commission etc to reduce situations of conflict in Nigeria, peace is still elusive to her and consequently to sustainable development. This paper thus aims at an in-dept description of NGOs, conflict and peace building and proffering a way forward to reduce conflict situations through NGOs. Content analysis, was adopted, using the secondary sources of collecting data from books, journals and articles. NGOs are an aspect of civil society, without government representation, embarking in conflict reduction, welfare scheme, empowerment and employment. Among the recommendations are: government recognition and support of NGOs; NGOs increased and effective performance and government/NGOs partnership in peace and conflict issues.