Among adults undergoing noncardiac surgery, MINS is common and associated with substantial mortality.

Many barriers and issues of surgical trials affecting internal validity can be overcome with proper methodology, and in most cases these issues do not restrict their conduct. Researchers should consider their research question carefully and design a surgical trial that contains features appropriate for the question. In doing so, they must ensure that the trial is valid, feasible, and affordable--a difficult feat, but one well worth the challenge.

There is evidence from a pooled analysis of randomized trials that reamed IM nailing of lower extremity long bone fractures significantly reduces rates of nonunion and implant failure in comparison with nonreamed nailing.

In this in vitro study, compared with HPPL, LPPL led to less structural damage and was equally effective in removing bacteria within three hours debridement delay; however, the efficacy of LPPL at six hours debridement delay is questionable. This finding may have clinical significance in the development of infection following open tibial fractures.