Using an ecocultural framework, we investigated relations between parental academic socialization (PAS) and adolescent motivation and achievement. Two‐hundred sixteen Mexican‐origin, low‐income sixth graders reported on their motivational beliefs and behaviors and on their parents' academic socialization. Results indicated that parents engaged in high levels of all dimensions of PAS: providing an environment for learning, communicating messages about hard work, and communicating messages about school success. Adolescents' determination to persist on schoolwork and educational expectations each partially mediated relations between parental messages about school success and grades. Achieve for family, the motivation to achieve due to feelings of family indebtedness and honor, partially mediated relations between parental messages about school success and determination. Finally, a moderated mediation analysis confirmed that the indirect effect of parental messages about school success on grades through determination differs as a function of maternal warmth. High maternal warmth was associated with stronger relations between PAS and determination.

The persistence of wildlife species in fire‐prone ecosystems is under increasing pressure from global change, including alterations in fire regimes caused by climate change. However, unburned islands might act to mitigate negative effects of fire on wildlife populations by providing habitat in which species can survive and recolonize burned areas. Nevertheless, the characteristics of unburned islands and their role as potential refugia for the postfire population dynamics of wildlife species remain poorly understood. We used a newly developed unburned island database of the northwestern United States from 1984 to 2014 to assess the postfire response of the greater sage‐grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ), a large gallinaceous bird inhabiting the sagebrush ecosystems of North America, in which wildfires are common. Specifically, we tested whether prefire and postfire male attendance trends at mating locations (leks) differed between burned and unburned areas, and to what extent postfire habitat composition at multiple scales could explain such trends. Using time‐series of male counts at leks together with spatially explicit fire history information, we modeled whether male attendance was negatively affected by fire events. Results revealed that burned leks often exhibit sustained decline in male attendance, whereas leks within unburned islands or >1.5 km away from fire perimeters tend to show stable or increasing trends. Analyses of postfire habitat composition further revealed that sagebrush vegetation height within 0.8 km around leks, as well elevation within 0.8 km, 6.4 km, and 18 km around leks, had a positive effect on male attendance trends. Moreover, the proportion of the landscape with cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ) cover >8% had negative effects on male attendance trends within 0.8 km, 6.4 km, and 18 km of leks, respectively. Synthesis and applications . Our results indicate that maintaining areas of unburned vegetation within and outside fire perimeters may be crucial for sustaining sage‐grouse populations following wildfire. The role of unburned islands as fire refugia requires more attention in wildlife management and conservation planning because their creation, protection, and maintenance may positively affect wildlife population dynamics in fire‐prone ecosystems.

The synthesis of a series of mono‐ and disubstituted biphenyl‐3‐ylmethyl esters of 3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid is described. The bioactivity of these compounds against Spodoptera eridania, Epilachna varivestis, Oncopeltus fasciatus, Acrythosiphon pisum and Tetranychus urticae is presented and discussed. Substitution of fluorine, chlorine and methyl groups in the 2‐position of the biphenyl ring generally led to an increase in activity over the unsubstituted parent biphenyl ester. In addition, pyrethroid esters derived from these 2‐substituted biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols appeared to have a broader spectrum of activity than ‘classical’ pyrethroids. For example, the (1RS)‐cis‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopro‐panecarboxylic acid ester of 2‐methylbiphenyl‐3‐ylmethanol was acaricidal, while maintaining a level of activity against other insects that was equal to or greater than cis‐permethiin. Biological data on other esters of this novel alcohol are also presented.

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Background: In the Inland Pacific Northwest of the United States, fire is a dominant driver of ecological change. Within wildfire perimeters, fire effects often vary considerably and typically include remnant patches of unburned islands. As fires reburn the landscape, some unburned islands remain persistently unburned. These persistent unburned islands can serve an important ecological function as fire refugia; however, their characteristics have not been quantified. The objective of this study was to assess the characteristics of persistent unburned islands and compare them to the burned areas that surround them. Using an existing database of unburned islands from 1984 to 2014, overlapping unburned islands were delineated. We sampled points in both persistent unburned islands and in areas burned by wildfire. At these sample points, we derived several topographical and other geospatial metrics, and we compared the characteristics of these groups. Because the study area covers many ecosystems, we stratified the analysis by different fire regime groups. Results: Our analysis revealed that persistent unburned islands are not randomly distributed across the landscape. While the topography and vegetation fuel type that underlie persistent unburned islands differ from burned areas, these differences are dependent upon fire regime group and are less pronounced than what other studies have found. The topographic features that differed the most between persistent unburned islands and burned areas were terrain ruggedness, slope, and transformed aspect. We also found that, as unburned islands increased in persistence (i.e., remained unburned for an increasing number of overlapping fires), they decreased in size and shape complexity.Conclusions: Our research shows that the biophysical setting underlying persistent unburned islands differs between forests and rangelands, and also differs from burned areas, which has potential applications for fire refugia prediction and management. Characterizing fire refugia and understanding the processes that contribute to their creation and maintenance will be important for land management as climate changes and increasingly large areas are affected by wildfire.