This study determined the role of body temperature during exercise on cytochrome-c oxidase (CytOx) activity, a marker of mitochondrial content, and mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (mtHSP70), which is required for import of nuclear-coded preproteins. Male, 10-wk-old, Sprague-Dawley rats exercised identically for 9 wk in ambient temperatures of 23 degrees C (n = 10), 8 degrees C with wetted fur (n = 8), and 4 degrees C with wetted fur and fan (n = 7). These conditions maintained exercising core temperature (T(c)) at 40.4, 39.2, or 38.0 degrees C (resting temperature), respectively. During weeks 3-9, exercisers ran 5 days/wk up a 6% grade at 20 m/min for 60 min. Animals were housed at 23 degrees C. Gastrocnemius CytOx activity in T(c)=38.0 degrees C (83.5 +/- 5.5 microatoms O x min(-1) x g wet wt(-1)) was greater than all other groups (P < 0.05), exceeding sedentary (n = 7) by 73.2%. T(c) of 40.4 and 39.2 degrees C also were higher than sedentary by 22.4 and 37.4%, respectively (P < 0.05). Quantification of CytOx content verified that the increased activity was due to an increase in protein content. In extensor digitorum longus, a nonactive muscle, CytOx was not elevated in T(c) = 38.0 degrees C. mtHSP70 was significantly elevated in gastrocnemius of T(c) = 38.0 degrees C compared with sedentary (P < 0.05) but was not elevated in extensor digitorum longus (P > 0.05). The data indicate that decreasing exercise T(c) may enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and that mtHSP70 expression is not dependent on temperature.

Caregiving relationships are significant factors in the development, mediation, or moderation of childhood mental health problems. However, epidemiological and clinical research has been limited by lack of reliable, succinct, and standardized methods of assessing parent-child relationship constructs. The Relational Processes Workgroup (ad hoc to the DSM-5 process) proposed more specific criteria to define a parent-child relational problem (PCRP). These criteria were field tested in one of the DSM-5 Field trial sites, utilizing a similar research design as DSM-5. Participants included 133 symptomatic children (5-17 years) in active treatment for a mental health problem and their primary caregiver (86% mothers). Two separate clinicians, each blinded to the assessment of the other clinician as well as the DSM-5 diagnoses, interviewed the dyads within a 2-week period, utilizing the proposed PCRP criteria. Prior to each interview, parents were asked to write about their relationship with their child, and children (over the age of 10 years) filled out the Parental Bonding Instrument, Brief Current, and the Perceived Criticism Measure. Clinicians were able to read the narratives and see results of the child report measures before assessing the dyad. The weighted prevalence of a PCRP in this sample was 34%. The interclass kappa for overall agreement between clinicians was 0.58 (0.40, 0.72), which indicates good interrater reliability. Further, clinicians found the PCRP diagnostic criteria clinically useful and an improvement over the brief description of PCRP that was presented in DSM-IV. Relationships between children and their primary caregiver can be assessed in a reliable manner, based on clinical interview with the child-caregiver dyad and several self-report measures.

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Efforts to expand and update the description of relational processes in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) to enhance its clinical utility began with DSM-IV, but met with limited success. The current effort to revise the description of relational problems has focused on both the DSM-V and theInternational Classification of Diseases(ICD)-11, with an emphasis on (1) documenting a solid empirical foundation for inclusion of relational processes in these diagnostic systems and (2) creating categories and symptom sets that reflect that empirical foundation. In this chapter we describe the process that led to the current revisions, along with steps that were taken to ensure broad consensus and relevance for a range of countries and cultures. We also briefly recap several arguments for continued attention to relational processes as well as additional changes that might be considered in future revisions. Finally, we also briefly discuss the issue of whether some relational processes are better thought of as categories in addition to being dimensions. Scientific aspects of the project have been very productive. However, revision of relational problem descriptions in DSM-V was limited and final revisions to the ICD-11 are still underway.

In this chapter, we review the utility of universal definitions and the assessment of family problems and family violence from a public health perspective. First, we document the clinical implications and public health costs of intimate partner violence, child abuse, intimate partner relationship distress, and parent–child relational problems. Second, the current status of these problems in major diagnostic systems and recommendations for improvements in universal assessment are detailed. Third, brief measures that can be used to assess family problems and family violence across a wide range of clinical and surveillance settings are discussed. Finally, implications for treatment are provided.