We have used velocimetry for many years at LLNL to measure velocity-time histories of surfaces in dynamic experiments. We have developed and now use special instrumentation to make continuous shock-velocity measurements inside of materials. The goal is to extend the field of velocimetry into a new area of application in shock physics. At the last Congress we reported the successful use of our new filter system for selectively eliminating most of the non-Doppler-shifted light. We showed one record of a fiber embedded inside an explosive making a continuous detonation velocity-time history. At that time it was difficult to obtain complete records. We have now carried out over 65 inexpensive experiments usually using small cylinders or rectangular blocks of explosives or metals. Most were started by detonating a 25 mm diam by 25 mm long cylinder of Comp B explosive to drive a shock into an adjacent material of similar dimensions, using our embedded fiber probes. In contrast to surface velocimetry, embedded measurements involve detailed hydrodynamic considerations in order to result in a successful record. Calculations have guided us in understanding of various failed and successful experiments. The homogeneity of the explosive, poor contact, the materials used in the cladding and core of the fiber optic probes, and the shock speeds to be covered all greatly affect the success of an experiment. For example, a poor contact between the optical fiber and its environment causes severe loss of data. Non-symmetric air gaps on one side of the fiber cause 3 dimensional hydrodynamic effects which cause the shock wave in the fiber core to be too steeply angled to reflect light. We have recently developed and successfully used a special probe to usually overcome this limitation. We have custom designed several unique types of fiber-optic probes for specialty applications, using both solid and liquid core materials, to extend the usable shock-velocity range.

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By combining the attributes ofelectro-optic shuttering and pulsedlaser illumination in alarge format camera system, we have developed a multi-frame image converter camera with a laser illuminator that produces sequentialphotographs offast phenomena with very high resolution. The combination ofthe large size image plane (75 mm), short exposure time per frame (minimum 12-15 ns), and monochromatic laser illumination provides clear, sharp, front-lit images of surfaces and shapes with no degradation by luminous air shocks or motion blur. The unique modular design ofthe camera and the laser allow for a variety ofconfigurations and applications. The current camera system produces eight independent pictures or four stereo pairs. A Q-switched ruby laser with multiple pulse capability provides individual illumination for each frame. This system has photographed a variety of fast phenomena including the first stereo sequential photographs of the initial formation and early time history of high velocity shaped-charge jets.

Graphical curves and text tables are presented that map out time and space distortions for data obtained from film records of the Many Beam Fabry Perot Velocimeter. Effective distortion corrections extracted from these mappings can be applied to upcoming velocimetry experiments, but only with limited success over periods of a year or more into the future. A method of using three fiducials to provide fresh time and space distortion data on each film record is presented as a more reliable procedure to correct distortions to an acceptable level of accuracy.

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