The changing of the global demographic trends clearly suggests a growing demand for a quality higher education. In fact, several studies have been carried out in the past few years to explore the factors that have effects on the customer satisfaction and its consequences in various industries. In the same manner, this study also explores the five factors of service quality (SERVQUAL) and their relationship with the level of student satisfaction and their loyalty as well as the intervening role of satisfaction in the relationships between SERVQUAL factors and loyalty among undergraduate students.The study used self-administered questionnaires to test the proposed model and data collected from 460 questionnaires were analysed. The questionnaires were distributed at various private universities and colleges in Malaysia based on convenience sampling. The results of this study are in accordance with prior studies in this field as SERVQUAL factors do influence the level of customers' satisfaction in the service industry. This study shows that the level of students overall satisfaction is mostly affected by tangibility. This finding indicates that the physical facility on the campus plays a major role in satisfying the students. The results also show that tangibility has the highest influence (directly and indirectly) on the students' intention to continue to a higher level of studies and/or spreading good word of mouth about the institution to their friends and the society. However, to generalize the results of this study, consideration should be made to the limitation of the number of the private institutions where the samples are collected. It is suggested that for further study, more samples should be taken from a larger number of institutions.

Intense competition among existing private education providers and the Malaysian government’s relaxation of regulations for allowing international universities to open off shore campuses in Malaysia, have forced companies in the education industry to develop strategies which can help them to make their existing students satisfied and keep them loyal to the brand. This paper, studied the impact of five factors of service quality (responsiveness, reliability, empathy, assurance, tangibility) on students’ satisfaction at private universities and colleges. For this purpose 431 questionnaires were collected from different private education providers in Malaysia. The results indicated that tangibility has an influence on satisfaction followed by empathy; responsiveness and assurance have a direct and positive effect on students’ satisfaction. However, reliability has not shown any impact of students’ satisfaction.

Education opens numerous revenues to register economic expansion all around the world with specific reference to developing nations. Advancement of Pakistan in education indicators has been severely insufficient during the previous decades. Decreased financing along with inefficiency in budget expenditure plus weak management system have crippled the education sector ensuing poor educational outcomes. Outcome-based Education (OBE) has recently gained much attention in Pakistan. OBE is used in education because it clearly focuses and organizes everything in an educational system around what is necessary for all students to be able to do at the end of their learning. OBE proposes an influential and interesting option of transforming and organizing medical education. Therefore, the basic aim of this review is to highlight the tertiary education system of Pakistan and the need to shift from teacher centered to Outcome Based Education system. The review also addresses the major factors that impact student learning outcomes. Data bases were searched including Cochrane and Medline. Search strategy was designed by combining Boolean operators and key terms related to review objectives. Seven studies were included in the paper regarding the effectiveness of Outcome Based Education in different disciplines of education. The findings suggested five important factors from the literature that impact student learning outcomes including, assessment strategies, learning objectives based on level of complexity, student preferred learning styles, English language competency and Employer requirements. However, limitations were recognized in the methodology section and further recommendations were given for future researchers.

In a bid to maximize corporate profits, many multi-national corporations and even small medium enterprises create many products and place them on shelves at hypermarkets or supermarkets. We can observe an abundance of stock keeping units on shelves as well as observe a variety of such finished goods held by various fast moving consumer goods industries in the home appliance, beverage, canned food, clothes, soft-drinks, cordials and confectionery product ranges, just to name a few. From supplier, manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler and retailer, it appears that there is a constant flow of new products and stock keeping units held for these fast moving consumer goods. We can say that we humans are a rather wasteful species because a large proportion of products become obsolete or slow moving over time and organizations push products into the marketplace to gain competitive advantage and optimize profits. Hence, there is need to address this issue in the field of Supply Chain Management because resources on this planet are limited and we humans live in a very fragile planet. Yet, as population grows, we humans have become used to this over-abundance even though the resources within this planet are becoming more and more scarce. Consumption levels have increased with population growth and with capitalist thinking, virtually anybody can develop businesses that will create products to meet human needs. In the field of Supply Chain Management, managers set polices on when to order and how much to order and the average inventory that results from these inventory replenishment policies become targets. This paper attempts to compare target days of inventory with actual days of inventory held in warehouses for a single organization with many warehouses/ stock keeping units, in an attempt to understand further approaches that can be used to improve inventory waste within supply chains.

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