Introduction  Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma are common head and neck cancers. This cancer expresses a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor that plays a role as a cancer stimulant substance. This hormone has a diagnostic value in the management of thyroid carcinoma. Objective  The present study aimed to determine the difference in TSH levels between differentiated thyroid carcinoma and benign thyroid enlargement. Methods  The present research design was a case-control study. The subjects were patients with thyroid enlargement who underwent thyroidectomies at the Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Thyroid stimulating hormone levels were measured before the thyroidectomies. The inclusion criteria for the case group were: 1) differentiated thyroid carcinoma, and 2) complete data; while the inclusion criteria for the control group were: 1) benign thyroid enlargement, and 2) complete data. The exclusion criteria for both groups were: 1) patients suffering from thyroid hormone disorders requiring therapy before thyroidectomy surgery, 2) patients receiving thyroid suppression therapy before the thyroidectomy was performed, and 3) patients suffering from severe chronic diseases such as renal insufficiency, and severe liver disease. Results  There were 40 post-thyroidectomy case group patients and 40 post-thyroidectomy control group patients. There were statistically significant differences in TSH levels between the groups with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and benign thyroid enlargement ( p  = 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 8.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.19–36.50). Conclusion  Based on these results, it can be concluded that there were significant differences in TSH levels between the groups with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and benign thyroid enlargement.

Hearing loss is a common occurrence that can decrease productivity and quality of life. The incidence of hearing loss is often experienced by adults due to several factors, and one influencing factor is cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is known to have an effect on decreasing inner ear vascularization that will result in hearing loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of hearing loss and hypertension in non-ear infection patients. This case-control study recruited subjects who underwent audiometric examination at the

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a cancer growth stimulus factor that have effect on the progression of thyroid carcinoma, common neck head malignancy. This hormonelevel has diagnostic value and can assist in the diagnosis, staging and management of the thyroid carcinoma. This study aimed to investigatethe role of TSH level as a predictor of advance stage thyroid carcinoma. This was case-control study involvingthyroid enlargement subjects who underwent thyroidectomy at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta from 2015 to 2017. Cancer staging examination using AJCC 2102 and TSH levels examination were conducted before underwent thyroidectomy. The inclusion criteria for case group were advanced stage (stage III and IV), while for control group wereearlystage of thyroid carcinoma (stage I and II). The exclusion criteria for both case and control groups were 1) suffering from thyroid hormone disorders requiring therapy before thyroidectomy, 2) receiving thyroid suppression therapy prior to thyroidectomy. Sixty-six post thyroidectomy patients were involved in this study. The patients were divided into case and control groups consisted of 33 patients in each group. Based on receiver operating characteristic curve, the cut of point 1.27 mIU/L for TSH was obtained with sensitivity of 72.7% and specificity of 78.8%. There was statistically significant difference TSH levels between early stage thyroid carcinoma and late stage thyroid carcinoma (p = 0.001;OR: 9.9;95% CI: 3.19-30.15). It can be concluded that TSHlevels ≥ 1.27mIU/L as predictor of advance stage thyroid carcinoma.

Thyroid carcinoma was the common head-neck malignancy. Clinical examination was essential at the initial suspicion of thyroid malignancy. Thyroid size and nodularity were the first things in a physical examination of the thyroid. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the type and size of thyroid nodules and their malignancy. This research was a case-control study. The case group was malignant thyroid nodules, while the control group was benign thyroid nodules. The study subjects were patients with thyroid nodules who underwent thyroidectomy surgery at RSUP. Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta, between 2016-2018. The type of nodules was determined by computerized tomography (CT) scan. The size of the nodules was determined by a CT scan. The difference of nodularity was analyzed within each group and between study groups. The subject consisted of 50 patients who underwent thyroidectomy, each group consisted of 25 patients. There was no significant difference in nodule type (multinodular and unimodular) between benign and malignant thyroid nodul with p value 0.079 (p< 0.05, 95% CI). There was no significant difference in nodule size between benign and malignant thyroid nodul with p value = 0.148 (p> 0.05, 95% CI) and Odds Ratio (OR)= 0.67 (95% CI 0.19 -2.32). Multivariate analysis was performed. The dependent variable was nodule malignancy. The independent variables were age, sex, TSH level, free-T4 level, nodule type and nodule size. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed statistically significant results only at TSH levels with p value = 0.005. The conclusion of this study was that the type of nodule (multinodular and uninodular), and nodule size were not related to the thyroid malignancy statistically.