The annotation of full genomes of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) leads to conviction that many of them contain a basic pool of chromosomal genes, responsible for starch hydrolysis. However, only the strains that are forced to survive in starchy environment are able to display these genetically determined properties. The aim of the present work is to investigate the genes actually engaged in starch utilization by ALAB using gene transcription assay. Twenty five new ALAB strains, belonging to 11 distinct species of four genera were isolated and analyzed. Among them, the first amylolytic Lactobacillus sakei, Enterococcus faecium, and E. durans were reported. The presence and expression of the genes amy1, glgP, glgB, agl, malL, treC, and dexC were examined. Although all strains possessed extracellular and cell-bound amylase activity and produced lactic acid from starch, high genus and species specificity in the gene expression was observed. ALAB strains of genus Lactobacillus (except L. sakei) and P. acidilactici own and express all the tested genes, while E. faecium and E. durans strains expressed predominantly the gene, encoding amylase. The co-transcription of glgP and glgB genes indicates that glycogen synthesis and starch degradation occur in parallel, which is another example for dual metabolic role of biochemical paths.

Bulgarian yogurt is usually associated with good health and longevity. This study aimed to analyse the current microbial content of homemade Bulgarian yogurt. Identification by 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that out of 76 isolated strains, 53% belonged to Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, 14% to other lactobacilli, and 32% to lactic acid cocci (Streptococcus thermophilus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Enterococcus faecium and Leuconostoc). All isolates inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria (10% of them by the putative action of bacteriocins); 18 isolates were able to produce extracellular exopolysaccharides (EPS), whereas 24% of them demonstrated extremely high proteolytic activity. Remarkably, 10 Lb. bulgaricus strains produced prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS). High-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (HRAMS) analysis revealed production of tri-and tetrasaccharides containing atypical b(1!4) glycosidic bonds, reported for the first time for Lb. bulgaricus. Based on the beneficial features, along with good technological behaviour, we recommend several isolates as highly promising for Bulgarian yogurt starters.

1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PD) is a bivalent alcohol, used in a number of chemical syntheses. It could be produced from glycerol in course of microbial fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae along with more than five minor liquid products. With the purpose to enhance 1,3-PD production and to eliminate by-products formation, principally new pH control on the process was applied. The method, named "forced pH fluctuations" was realized by consecutive raisings of pH with definite ΔpH amplitude (ranging from 1.0 to 2.0) at time intervals between 2 and 4 h, during a series of fed batch processes. The fermentation performed by forced pH fluctuations with ΔpH = 1.0, risen at every 3 h was evaluated as the most successful. Increase by 10% of the maximal amount of 1,3-PD (g/l), 22% higher productivity [g/(l h)], and 29% increase in 1,3-PD molar yield were achieved, compared to the referent fed batch (with constant pH = 7.0). In addition, significant decrease in by-products formation was obtained. The most important reduction was observed in the lactic and acetic acids yields, where 50 and 70% decrease were reached. The results suggested the potential of pH to manage the share and quantity of product spectrum in mixed diols-acids fermentations. The application of "forced pH fluctuations method" achieves the desirable increase in 1,3-PD formation and decrease in by-products accumulation at the same time by a comparatively simple approach by adjustment of one bioprocess parameter only.