Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multi-drug resistant pathogen, which is responsible for increasing cases of serious diseases, including life-threatening diseases and nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Laboratory identification of MRSA is crucial and essential both for initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapies and for effective infection control strategies that are designed to limit the spread of MRSA. In spite of the availability of commercial kits for MRSA detection in the market, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends the use of phenotypic methods, such as the disk diffusion method with oxacillin or with cefoxitin, as well as a serial dilution method with oxacillin. Nevertheless, some studies have shown that results obtained with such phenotypic methods are controversial. The aim of the study described in this paper was to comparatively evaluate the traditional susceptibility testing for MRSA with PCR as the gold standard assay. Analysis of collection (n = 68) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus revealed that the serial dilution method with oxacillin possessed the highest sensitivity (at 100%). In contrast, the disk diffusion methods with oxacillin and cefoxitin showed lower sensitivity (95.83%, 95% CI (78.81% -99.30%)). Furthermore, the borderline value of zone inhibition diameters for cefoxitin might be considered as a risk, and they may give false-susceptible result.

treat MDRGNB infections. This finding pointed that strict antibiotic policies were required to work out the issue of emerging MDR-GNB infections.

This article is aimed at discussing prenatal diagnosis of fetal genetic abnormalities as an important step in the detection and prevention of birth defects and genetic syndromes. The authors show the multi-vector nature of this problem, which requires an integrated approach and the participation of a multidisciplinary team of specialists, such as gynecologists, radiologists, neonatologists, clinical geneticists, and pediatricians. Among the many methods that allow diagnosing congenital genetic pathology, this publication highlights fluorescent hybridization in situ. In comparison with other immunogenetic methods, this technique allows assessing the genetic status of an individual cell and detecting several etiopathogenetically significant abnormal cells among thousands of others with a normal genotype. This is its advantage over PCR, in which the DNA of all cells is mixed and the result is averaged. The article provides indicators for the selection of patients for screening for fetal pathology. Prenatal screening pathways, as nowadays in most countries consist of similar tests. This article is meant to be an introduction into more detailed ethical discussions about prenatal screening. A new approach of prenatal testing (PNT) will be useful given the currently available diagnostic tests. Genetic tests and general trend of individualization in healthcare policies are directions for establishing prenatal diagnosis with consideration of ethical policies.

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain one of the most important problems of modern urology and medicine. Infections bring great discomfort and significantly reduce the quality of life. UTIs rank second after respiratory tract infections in outpatients. The most common pathogen of UTI are E.coli. The study of the etiology of UTI has great clinical and epidemiological importance in routine practice. Objective: To assess the etiological significance of pathogens in the occurrence of urinary tract infections in the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan. Methods: A total of 2378 patients presenting UTIs were enrolled and each provided a urine sample. The study was carried out in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory MediTEC-NS between 2 January and 29 December 2018. Identification of isolated microorganisms was carried out on a WalkAway 96 Plus microbiological analyzer, Microscan model manufactured by Beckman Coulter (USA). Statistical Analysis was performed using the STATISTICA-6 package. Results: Out of 2378 patients a total of 1177 (49,5%) urine samples tested positive by culture test. From these samples, 1356 strains of microorganisms were isolated, of which 84.79% were monoculture and 21% were of a mixed culture. Gram-positive bacteria 690 (50, 88%), Gram-negative bacteria 630 (46, 46%), and Candida 36 (2.65%) were identified. Gram-negative rods were represented by Enterobacterales 557 (88.41%) and non-fermenting bacteria 73 (11.59%). In the Enterobacterales group included Escherichia coli 371 (66.61%) of which 108 (29,1%) ESBL strains. The next etiologically significant uropathogens were Klebsiella- 99 (17, 77%), Enterobacter-36 (6,46%) and Proteus-32 (8,09). K.pneumoniae prevailed in comparison with other Klebsiella spp. ESBL producing was 34 (57, 6%) out of 59 K.pneumoniae isolates. Gram-negative non-fermenting rod were represented by Acinetobacter spp-34 (46.57%) and Pseudomonas spp 31 (42.47%). Of 34 Acinetobacter spp. isolates 22 (64.7%) were identified as Acinetobacter lwoffii. Among the gram-positive pathogens of UTI, Staphylococcus spp prevailed - 411 (59.57%), followed by Enterococcus spp 197 (28.55%) and Streptococcus spp 81 (11.73%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci 381 (92,7%) isolates out of total 411 staphylococcal isolates. Staphylococcus epidermidis 245 (59,61%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus 81 (21,17%) were the most frequent isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci. Of 411 staphylococcal isolates, 182 (44.28%) were MRS Conclusion: We found that UTIs among our study population were predominantly caused by ten opportunistic pathogens. The most common uropathogens with a frequency of 66.9% were E. coli- 30.53%, S. epidermidis -20.16%, and Enterococcus spp. -16.21%. Frequently isolated pathogens included Klebsiella, S. haemolyticus spp., and Streptococcus spp. which amounted to 21.98%. The distribution within the patient group was equable and ranged from 6,67% to 8,15%. Etiologically significant pathogens included Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. These bacteria accounted for 11.11%. The distribution within the group was again equable and ranged within 2,55% to 2,96%.

This work presents reasoning about liver pathology. Liver pathology is an area of interest due to the growing number of medical cases worldwide. The factors associated with the appearance of this pathology are those that relate to individual lifestyle. Liver pathology studies are performed up to the biomolecular level, involving cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). With a normal liver, subject to aging and the aforementioned risk factors, there are changes in liver structure, which often can lead to changes arising from nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis (NASH). Under certain circumstances this degenerates into chronic hepatitis, which often goes undiagnosed and this can lead to liver cirrhosis. Due to gradual changes in the liver, medical interventions are often delayed. Importantly, structural analysis of microscopically processed liver fragments will reveal changes in all structural elements of the liver, from lipid loading in hepatic steatosis to inflammatory, necrotic, destructive, fibrotic changes in liver cirrhosis, including somewhat similar changes in types of chronic hepatitis. The presented images and the described structural changes in the liver are an important criterion for liver damage, including preclinical pathology.