The determination of the chemical composition of\ud different parts of wall paintings (pigments, mortars and\ud binders) provides information about technology of preparation\ud of an artefact. Herein, we present a multimethodological\ud characterisation of wall paintings from a\ud Roman archaeological site in Cuma, focusing on differences\ud between an indoor (domus) and outdoor fabrication (a temple,\ud Tempio con Portico (TCP)). Both pigments, binders and mortars\ud were studied via a combination of destructive/μ-\ud destructive (mass spectrometry, ionic chromatography, ICPbased\ud techniques) and non-destructive (Raman microscopy,\ud small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and X-ray diffraction)\ud methodologies. Particularly, the systematic presence of dolomite\ud only in mortars from TCP may suggest an intentional use\ud of such limestone for the outdoor fabrication of public interest.\ud Differences between TCP and domus are also related to the\ud composition of the pigment binder. In particular, the detected\ud binders (studied by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS) were proteinaceous\ud in the case of domus (possibly egg and animal glue) and\ud drying oils in the case of TCP. Ultimately, our multimethodological\ud study provides an overall picture of the material\ud components of paintings from fabrications with different\ud use, proposing a hypothesis on technological choices according\ud to conservative and destination reasons

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Abstract79 samples of black glazed pottery, Terra sigillata, fine common ware, and production indicators were recovered in the archaeological site of Cales and investigated via a multi‐analytical program (polarized light microscopy, thermal analyses, XRPD, XRF, FESEM, FESEM‐EDS). Among the materials, finds of important production indicators, represented by welded pieces of black glazed pottery and spacers, attest a local production.Polarized light microscopy shows that the inclusions consist of feldspar, quartz, mica, calcite, and lithic fragments of both volcanic and sedimentary nature. Additional information about the mineralogical assemblage comes from the XRPD that revealed the presence of neoformed Ca‐silicates, indicating equivalent firing temperatures ranging from 750 to 1050°C.All the samples show a Ca‐rich character and an extreme compositional homogeneity, including the production indicators. The comparison with some Ca‐rich Campanian clay raw materials shows a greater affinity with the Mio‐Pliocene marine clay sediments of the Apennine sector, which include local clays. This allowed us to formulate the first hypotheses about clay sources used to produce fine pottery during the third century BCE to the early imperial period in Cales.