Vaccinations are a crucial preventative measure performed by primary care. Polish local self-governments should be praised for their independent determination in attempting to improve public health by requiring parents to fulfill their legal obligation to have their children receive mandatory vaccinations. However, there is an urgent need for similar general regulations encompassing the entire population of Poland if serious risks to its public health are to be avoided. The variety of approaches attempted thus far in different countries demonstrates that there is no single ideal solution for all-although, judging by the results, it seems that incentive-based solutions seem to be more efficient than the repressive ones. We thus advised that Poland implement an escalating approach: proper education of all citizens in human biology and the basics of medicine is a must, as is demonstrated by the experience of Scandinavia; this should begin even in preschool facilities. The "No Jab No Pay" approach used in Australia could easily be replicated in Poland by withdrawing the right to the relatively new child benefit from parents who do not have their children vaccinations-especially as this benefit is ultimately planned to include all children in the country. Following the examples of the Czech Republic, France, Italy, and the United States, unvaccinated children could be banned from entering sports facilities. In case of the most persistent violators, harsh measures-including financial penalties imposed by the state-should be kept in reserve, and these should be similar to the significant fines known from Italy and Germany.

Formal conflict resolutions are very familiar from media as legal trials resulting in long prison sentences or large compensation payments inevitably attract attention. in contrast, far more inconspicuous alternative dispute resolution (aDR) methods often demonstrate their great practical usefulness as conflicts between parties are not only inevitable, but can also be considered a positive phenomenon because conflict allows an unwanted situation to be changed to the benefit of all parties involved in a transaction. the second aDR thesis is that the parties on their own can resolve many, if not most, of their conflicts, but no aDR method can be effective when the parties have lost trust with each other. Mediation is probably the most popular aDR method in Poland presently as an intervention into negotiations or conflicts that are already underway. a third party, the mediator, who is accepted by all parties and does not possess any power to make an authoritative decision resolving the conflict, performs that intervention-aiding the parties to voluntarily reach a mutually acceptable solution to the conflict. Mediation is an attractive low-cost alternative to court proceedings as the parties remain in full control of the process, it is confidential, lasts short and allows conflicted parties to maintain their long-term relationship. Mediation may also limit the otherwise significant risk associated with the unpredictability of court rulings, especially in highly complicated medical malpractice-related cases. Results from any successful mediation become binding to the parties as courts legally approve the mediation agreement.