The increasing use and demand of rare earth elements in many emerging technologies is leading to a potentially higher input to the marine environment. This study compared for the first time the effect of lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), dysprosium (Dy), and erbium (Er) to the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin. The algal growth inhibition was investigated after 72 h of exposure. The median effect concentrations (EC50) ranged from 0.98 mg/L to 13.21 mg/L and elements were ranked as follows: Gd > Ce > Er > La > Eu > Nd > Dy > Sm. The comparison of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for hazard and risk assessment with measured environmental concentrations showed that ecological risks deriving from REEs could be present, but limited to specific environments like estuarine waters. The results support evidence of actions to manage the REE impact in seawater environments, looking to improve the monitoring tailored to the different and dynamic nature of ecosystems.

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In this paper, we argue that multiword expression identification systems based on BERT are able to capture semi-productive patterns that generate multiword expressions. To test this hypothesis we analyzed the results obtained by MTLB-STRUCT on unseen multiword expressions during edition 1.2 of the PARSEME shared task. We observed that MTLB-STRUCT discovers, in proportion, more light verb constructions and verb particle constructions than verbal idioms. Since light verb constructions and verb-particle constructions often result from semi-productive patterns, while verbal idioms are more idiosyncratic, the results corroborate our hypothesis.

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