With the renewal of interest in agriculture in developing countries during the sixties, there has been much concern with the policy instruments to stimulate output without penalizing the urban consumer. Many countries have utilized the rationing of subsidized inputs such as credit for this purpose. In the seventies, international donors-such as the World Bank and USAID-began pressing developing countries to aim more of their agricultural development programs at small farmers. One response has been to extend the use of a major instrument variable, credit policy, to small farmers. However, small farmers often use very few cash inputs; hence, the effectiveness of this instrument may be low unless combined with others.A second instrument to increase small farmer incomes is the development of new agricultural technology. Besides the developmental costs of the new technology, recent literature has implied that risk aversion may impede its adoption (Benito, Brink and McCarl, Sanders and Hollanda, Schulter and Mount, Wiens, Wolgin). Econometric analysis of this risk-aversion characteristic has not yet clearly indicated instrument variables to reduce it (Dillon and Scandizzo; Binswanger; Moscardi and de Janvry).Farmers also will have difficulty subjectively estimating the distribution of returns from new alternatives. The desired information would be this distribution over all possible states of nature, which is unlikely to be available to the farmer presented with an adoption choice. Policies to improve risk perception, such as farm level experiments of new technology, are another type of instrument variable to influence adoption.
Este artigo analisa em que medida o Plano Plurianual — PPA 2000-2003 reflete a existência de uma política nacional de desenvolvimento rural com base na agricultura familiar. A partir da delimitação dos elementos necessários para tal política, procede-se à identificação dos programas no PPA que, em princípio, contemplam tais elementos. Analisa-se a seguir as relações lógicas de pertinência e de suficiência de tais programas e, mais detidamente, do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF). Constata-se que tal política somente poderia se concretizar mediante uma estreita articulação entre este e diversos outros programas. Esse fator, somado à complexidade do PRONAF — que contém uma grande diversidade de ações, inclusive de caráter multissetorial (executadas por outros órgãos e entidades) indica a dificuldade para a efetivação da política preconizada pelo discurso governamental. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito da disciplina “Políticas Públicas e Gestão por Programas” do Curso de Formação para a Carreira de Especialista em Políticas Públicas e Gestão Governamental, coordenado pela ENAP Escola Nacional de Administração Pública.
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