European countries continue to differ considerably from one another economically, not only in economic growth assessed by GDP growth rates but also in their companies' population by Economic Activities. Nonetheless these regular differences, the occurrence of crisis and other economic events can promote economic turbulence conducing to different responses, conditioned by each country's specificities. The occurrence of the 2008 financial crisis, the subsequent economic and sovereign debt crisis introduced additional factors of turbulence in the business sustainability of the European (EU) companies. This research, supported by the COSTATIS method, analyses the co-structure and measures the discrepancy between the population of EU companies for each NACE and the GDP components in their dynamics from 2008 to 2014. The results detected greater discrepancies between the population of companies and the stability of economic growth for a subset of EU countries with particularities regarding their NACE and GDP components.

One of the major motivational sources humans have is feeling happy. The issue of Happiness has been studied since Ancient Greece. Recently, though, this has become a research topic in social fields such as Economics. In the past three decades, studies have been made on Happiness in the frameworks of Economics. However, not many of them concerned the Economics of Happiness, since it is a relatively new research field. Thus, our study aims to present a literature review that includes references to the main factors behind the increase of happiness, as well as the relation between economics and happiness. We also offer our own validity analysis methodology in which Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered as an indicator of excellence representing the population's satisfaction level, evidencing the restraints and limitations to national income. We will describe the elements of the Well-Being Index of Portugal for 2004 to 2017 and link them to the country's position in the World Happiness Index and in the world GDP. Considering that national wealth is one of the elements in the analysis of Happiness, there is a positive relation between the two variables in the referred time span. However, our analysis has led us to discover other variables, more relevant for the analysis of the happiness level and thus the results are debatable.

In the last few decades, Portugal has witnessed an extraordinary quantitative and qualitative transformation in housing provision. The pace of housing construction was so extensive that the contemporary real estate market is currently characterized by an excessive supply, vis-à-vis the resident population. In this study, we discuss the impact of the financial process on the housing sector in comparison with tenancy. We consider transaction prices of the housing assignments, either through acquisition or through tenancy. The recent shock resulting from the pandemic situation did not slow down house prices but caused a slight drop in rents. The model used proposes to analyze the fluctuations in prices and rents in the face of external shocks. In the residential market, the estimation is complex due to the many heterogeneous attributes of residential assets. Non-fluctuating variables, such as size, location, and external demand for homes, explain a large part of the variation in price levels included in the model.

SUMMARYThe latest global economic and financial crisis has had adverse social consequences in many areas, including income and the social situation of households and their living conditions, especially when the housing phenomenon is addressed. The reality of this uncertainty has made the study of the housing phenomenon even more relevant, in particular from the perspective of an analysis of its evolution. In this context, we revisit EUROSTAT's databases. This analysis was done for twelve Euro Area countries over five years, using the HJ-BIPLOT method developed by Galindo (1986). This multidimensional approach identified and represented twelve Eurozone sample countries in latent constructs of reduced dimensionality related to the housing policy problem. The simultaneous factorial representation identified (a) the most relevant variables to characterize these countries, (b) their trajectories during the period in analysis, and (c) the relations between variables, between countries, and between variables and countries. This approach also identified the most significant factors contributing to the countries' performance. This methodological approach can be useful in housing research, when studying data of a multivariate nature, and is also, by its visual interpretation, a potential tool for producing richer information not only for academia but also for policy makers.

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