Saline water consumption by plants in most cases affects crops yield in their various stages hampering development and production. The study evaluated rucola (Eruca sativa) water consumption in NFT hydroponic system using saline water. We analyzed six increasing levels of salinity (electrical conductivity), which are: 0.2; 1.2; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2 and 5.2 dS m-1, two salt sources were used, brackish waters (AS) and NaCl. Volume was determined by plant evapotranspiration (VETc) in the system during cultivation. The water consumption during the first days after transplantation decreased with the increase of salinity levels. The amount of water was 250 mL day-1 for treatment without saline water. The water efficiency was reduced revealing a linear decreasing function of salinity occurring in a negative response of plants showing a reduction of sheets number of 3.34%.
-The objective of this work was to estimate the global radiation by simplified models for the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The parameterized coefficients of 15 simplified models were regionally calibrated to estimate the daily global radiation, based only on air temperature, using data from 28 automatic weather stations (AWS) of the network of the Brazilian Meteorology Institute, distributed throughout the different biomes of the state of Mato Grosso. The simplified models are mostly derived from the Hargreaves and Bristow & Campbell methods, with different parameterized coefficients to be calibrated. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ), the mean bias error (MBE), the root mean square error (RMSE), and Willmott's d index were used to evaluate statistical performance. For the recommendation of models per station and/or biome, the models were rated numerically Index terms: air temperature, Amazon, Cerrado, parameterized coefficients, solar radiation. Radiação global por modelos simplificados para o Estado de Mato GrossoResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a radiação global por modelos simplificados para o Estado de Mato Grosso. Os coeficientes parametrizados de 15 modelos simplificados foram regionalmente calibrados para estimativa da radiação global diária, com base apenas na temperatura do ar, a partir de dados de 28 estações meteorológicas automáticas (EMAs) da rede do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, distribuídas nos diferentes biomas do Estado de Mato Grosso. Os modelos simplificados avaliados foram derivados principalmente dos métodos de Hargreaves e Bristow & Campbell, com diferentes coeficientes parametrizados a serem calibrados. Para a avaliação do desempenho estatístico, foram empregados o coeficiente de determinação (R por dia e ajustamentos superiores a 65%.Termos para indexação: temperatura do ar, Amazônia, Cerrado, coeficientes parametrizados, radiação solar.
Reference evapotranspiration estimated with simplified models for the state of Mato Grosso, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of 12 simplified models for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The data were collected from automatic weather stations (AWS) of the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, located in 28 municipalities of the state. The following simplified estimation models were evaluated: Hargreaves-Samani, Camargo, Makkink, Linacre, McGinness-Bordne, Romanenko, Turc, Holdridge, Solar Radiation, Jensen-Haise, Hansen, and Caprio. The Fao 56 Penman-Monteith method (FPM) was used as reference for assessing the simplified estimates. Statistical performance was evaluated through relative mean error (RME), root mean square error (RMSE), Willmott's d index, and according to the numerical order of models for each index. The Makkink model overestimated ETo by 2.0 to 3.0 mm per day, with scattering values of 2.75 mm per day and 0.40 d index, which represented the worst results among models, regardless of the municipality evaluated. The Turc and McGinness-Bordne models showed the best performances for estimating ETo in 57.1 and 25% of the AWS, respectively. The Romanenko, Makkink, and Holdridge models are not recommended for the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.Index terms: minimum data, Turc model, Penman-Monteith, solar radiation, air temperature. IntroduçãoO crescimento populacional, a demanda por alimentos e os níveis de industrialização têm acarretado aumento do consumo dos recursos hídricos em escalas regionais e locais, o que exige um planejamento eficiente de sua oferta e demanda, para diferentes escalas temporais. Entre os diferentes usos desses recursos, a irrigação é uma das atividades com maior consumo de água (Bezerra et al., 2010).
EFEITOS DO MANEJO HÍDRICO E DA APLICAÇÃO DE POTÁSSIO NAS CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOFISIOLÓGICAS DE MUDAS DE Eucalyptus Grandis W. (Hill ex. Maiden) Magali Ribeiro da Silva1; Antonio Evaldo Klar2; José Raimundo Passos31Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, magaliribeiro@fca.unesp.br2Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu3Departamento de Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 1 RESUMO O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do manejo hídrico e da adubação potássica realizados durante a fase de rustificação, na qualidade de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP – Botucatu, e constituiu-se de um fatorial 2X4, sendo dois manejos hídricos (mudas irrigadas ao atingir as tensões de retenção de água pelo substrato de 0,01 MPa ou 1,5 MPa) e quatro doses de K (0, 75, 150 e 300 mg L-1). Foram feitas avaliações de: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro de colo, matéria seca da parte aérea e da radicular, matéria seca total, área foliar, relação altura da parte aérea / diâmetro de colo das mudas, teor de clorofila e taxa de transpiração. Os resultados morfológicos indicaram que somente a matéria seca radicular (MSR) diferiu estatisticamente em função do K aplicado. O estresse hídrico não teve efeito nas características morfológicas. Com relação às características fisiológicas, observou-se que os maiores teores de clorofila foram encontrados nas mudas submetidas ao maior estresse hídrico e maiores doses de K. As maiores taxas de transpiração foram observadas nas mudas dos tratamentos submetidos ao estresse hídrico mínimo. Não houve variação significativa entre as doses de K sobre a transpiração. UNITERMOS: Eucalyptus, rustificação, qualidade de mudas, viveiro, fertilização. SILVA, M. R. da; KLAR, A. E.; PASSOS, J. R. EFFECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT AND POTASSIUM APPLICATION ON THE MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEEDLINGS OF Eucalyptus grandis W. (Hill ex. Maiden) 2 ABSTRACTS The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water management and potassium fertilizing applied during the hardening phase on the quality of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. The experiment was conducted at the School of Agronomical Sciences of UNESP, Botucatu, and consisted of a factorial design 2X4; two water managements (seedlings irrigated when reaching water retention tensions by the substrate) and four doses of K (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg L-1). The following evaluations were made: shoot height, stalk diameter, shoot and root dry weight, total dry weight, leaf area, relation between seedling lap shoot height and diameter, transpiration rate and chlorophyll content. Morphological results showed that only the dry root weight differed statistically due to the K applied. The water management had no effect on the morphological characteristics. As to the physiological characteristics it was observed that the highest the chlorophyll contents were found in seedlings that had undergone the greatest water stress and K doses. The highest transpiration rates were observed in the seedlings of the treatments undergoing minimum water stress. The K levels did not influence transpiration statistically. KEYWORDS: Eucalyptus, hardening, quality of seedlings, nursery, fertilization
RESUMO -Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência de controle de herbicidas inibidores da ACCase aplicados em pós-emergência em plantas de Brachiaria plantaginea submetidas a diferentes teores de água no solo. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, utilizando-se o esquema fatorial 9 x 4, sendo a combinação de três manejos hídricos (-0,03, -0,07 e -1,5 MPa) com três herbicidas (fluazifop-p-butil, haloxyfop-methyl e sethoxydim + óleo mineral Assist) e quatro doses destes (100, 50, 25 e 0% da dose recomendada). A aplicação dos herbicidas foi realizada em dois estádios vegetativos das plantas: 4-6 folhas e 2-3 perfilhos. As avaliações visuais de fitointoxicação das plantas de B. plantaginea foram realizadas aos 3, 7 e 14 dias após a aplicação, sendo determinada a massa seca das plantas no final do experimento. A eficiência de controle foi menor em plantas mantidas em potencial de água no solo de -1,5 MPa (manejo hídrico de 8%), independentemente do herbicida utilizado, nos dois estádios de aplicação, com exceção do herbicida haloxyfop-methyl aplicado no estádio de 2-3 perfilhos. Não houve diferenças de controle entre as aplicações com 100 e 50% da dose recomendada dos herbicidas nas plantas no estádio de 4-6 folhas, independentemente do manejo hídrico.Palavras-chave: controle químico, estresse hídrico, planta daninha, capim-marmelada.ABSTRACT -This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency in controlling ACCase inhibiting-herbicides applied in post-emergence on Brachiaria plantaginea, submitted to different soil water contents. The study was carried out under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications, consisting of a 9 x 4 factorial, with the combination of three water management systems (-0.03, -0.07 and -1.5 MPa) and three herbicides (fluazifop-pbutyl, haloxyfop-methyl and sethoxydim + oil Assist) and four doses of these herbicides (100, 50, 25 and 0% of the recommended dose). Herbicide was applyed at two vegetative stages of the plants, 4-6 leaves and 2-3 tillers. The visual assessments of plant toxicity were performed at 3, 7 and 14 days after application, with the dry matter of the plants being determined at the end of the experiment. Control efficiency was lower in the plants grown at soil water potential of -1.5 MPa (water management 8%), regardless of the herbicide used at the two stages of implementation, with the exception of the herbicide haloxyfop-methyl applied at the 2-3 tillers. No differences were found between the control applications with 100 and 50% of the recommended herbicide doses on plants at the 4-6 leaf stage, regardless of type of water management.
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