No abstract

No abstract

Three members of the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) family of adaptors (CARD9, CARD10, and CARD11) are known to form heterotrimers with B-cell lymphoma 10 (BCL10) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma-translocation gene 1 (MALT1). These three CARD-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) complexes activate NF-κB in both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Human inherited defects of the three components of the CBM complex, including the two adaptors CARD9 and CARD11 and the two core components BCL10 and MALT1, have recently been reported. Bi-allelic loss-of-function (LOF) mutant alleles underlie several different immunological and clinical phenotypes, which can be assigned to two distinct categories. Isolated invasive fungal infections, of unclear cellular basis, are associated with CARD9 deficiency, whereas a broad range of clinical manifestations, including those characteristic of T- and B-lymphocyte defects, are associated with CARD11, MALT1 and BCL10 deficiencies. Interestingly, humans with these mutations have some features in common with the corresponding knockout mice, but other features are different between humans and mice. Moreover, germline and somatic gain-of-function (GOF) mutations of MALT1, BCL10 and CARD11 have also been found in other patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. This broad range of germline and somatic CBM lesions, including LOF and GOF mutations, highlights the contribution of each of the components of the CBM to human immunity.

Bl azquez Moreno's institution has received grant funding from MINEICO (SVP-2014-068263). A. del Pozo Mat e has received consultancy fees from ENAC and lecture fees from the Health Institute Carlos III. E. Vallesp ın Garc ıa has received funds for expert testimony for the Scienceboard.net and royalties from KARYOARRAY-8.512.907. M. Val es-G omez's institution has received grant funding from MINEICO (SAF2015-69169-R) and Comunidad de Madrid (S2010/BMD-2326). H. T. Reyburn's institution has received a grant from MINEICO (SAF2014-58752-R). The rest of the authors declare that they have no relevant conflicts of interest.