Heat-stable enterotoxins are the most notable virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired diseases. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) cause toxic shock-like syndromes and have been implicated in food poisoning. But SEs also act as superantigens that stimulate T-cell proliferation, and a high correlation between these activities has been detected. Most of the nosocomial S. aureus infections are caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, and those resistant to quinolones or multiresistant to other antibiotics are emerging, leaving a limited choice for their control. This review focuses on these diverse roles of SE, their possible correlations and the influence in disease progression and therapy.
A rich variety of indigenous fruits and vegetables grow in Africa, which contribute to the nutrition and health of Africa’s populations. Fruits and vegetables have high moisture and are thus inherently prone to accelerated spoilage. Food fermentation still plays a major role in combating food spoilage and foodborne diseases that are prevalent in many of Africa’s resource disadvantaged regions. Lactic acid fermentation is probably the oldest and best-accepted food processing method among the African people, and is largely a home-based process. Fermentation of leafy vegetables and fruits is, however, underutilized in Africa, although such fermented products could contribute toward improving nutrition and food security in this continent, where many are still malnourished and suffer from hidden hunger. Fermentation of leafy vegetables and fruits may not only improve safety and prolong shelf life, but may also enhance the availability of some trace minerals, vitamins and anti-oxidants. Cassava, cow-peas, amaranth, African nightshade, and spider plant leaves have a potential for fermentation, as do various fruits for the production of vinegars or fruit beers and wines. What is needed to accelerate efforts for production of fermented leaves and vegetables is the development of fermentation protocols, training of personnel and scale-up of production methods. Furthermore, suitable starter cultures need to be developed and produced to guarantee the success of the fermentations.
RESuMENEl objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las isotermas de adsorción de humedad de harina de maíz a tres temperaturas (7, 22 y 45 °C) para el rango de a w entre 0,10 y 0,95. Las isotermas se modelaron utilizando siete ecuaciones comúnmente aplicadas en alimentos. La calidad de ajuste se evaluó con el coeficiente de regresión (r 2 ) y el porcentaje de error medio relativo (% E), en función de los cuales se observó que los modelos propuestos por GAB, Oswin y Halsey ajustaron de mejor manera los datos experimentales. La humedad de la monocapa (X m ) y la humedad de seguridad (X S ) presentaron dependencia con la temperatura con valores de E a de 13,6 y 3,3 kJ/mol, respectivamente. Se cálculo el calor isostérico de adsorción (Q S ) usando la ecuación de Clausius-Clapeyron, obteniéndose un máximo de 21 kJ/mol, para una humedad de 0,075 g agua/g m.s., este parámetro se modeló utilizando la ecuación propuesta por Tsami. Palabras-clave: harina de maíz, isotermas de adsorción, Arrhenius, calor isostérico. RESuMOISOTERMAS DE ADSORÇÃO EM FARINHA DE MILHO (Zea mays L.). O objectivo deste trabalho foi determinar as isotermas de adsorção de umidade da farinha de milho a três temperaturas (7, 22 e 45 °C) para um rango de a w entre 0,10 e 0,95. As isotermas foram modelizadas por meio de sete equações normalmente utilizadas em alimentos. A qualidade do ajuste foi avaliada mediante o coeficiente de regressão (r 2 ) e a porcentagem de erro médio relativo (% E), em função dos quais se observou que os modelos propostos por GAB, Oswin e Halsey apresentaram um melhor ajuste dos dados experimentais. A umidade da monocapa (X m ) e a umidade de segurança (X S ) mostraram dependência da temperatura com valores de E a de 13,6 e 3,3 kJ/mol, respectivamente. Calculou-se o calor isostérico de adsorção (Q S ) utilizando-se a equação de Clausius-Clapeyron, obtendo-se um máximo de 21 kJ/mol. Para uma umidade de 0,075 g água/g m.s., este parâmetro modelizou-se utilizando a equação proposta por Tsami. Palavras-chave: milho, modelos, Arrhenius, calor isostérico. -INTRODuCCIÓNEl maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cereal ampliamente utilizado en el mundo entero tanto para consumo humano como para alimentación animal. Constituye junto con la patata y la tapioca, las materias primas más importantes para la obtención de almidón, de jarabes de glucosa y de bebidas alcohólicas. Para consumo humano se pueden obtener harinas de maíz, aceite de germen, productos para desayuno y conservas de maíz dulce, entre otros alimentos. Por su alto contenido de almidón, las harinas y sémolas de maíz son una fuente importante de calorías en la dieta de países de América Central y del Sur, donde este cereal es alimento básico [22].La harina de maíz, al no contener gluten, sirve de base de harinas panificadoras para los enfermos celíacos, al igual que las harinas de arroz, quínoa, soya y mandioca [18]. La celíaquia se caracteriza por la intolerancia al gluten, en concreto son las prolaminas presentes en el trigo (gliadinas), avena (avidina), cebada (hordeína), centeno (secal...
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