A systematic review of factors associated with non-adherence to treatment for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.

No abstract

Since May 2022, multiple human Monkeypox cases were identified in nonendemic countries, mainly among men who have sex with men. We aimed to report the features, clinical course, management, and outcome of the Monkeypox cases diagnosed in the Dermatology and Infectious Disease Units of the San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy. We performed an observational study of the Monkeypox cases diagnosed from July 1 until August 31, 2022, collecting clinical, laboratory, and histological data. We studied 16 Monkeypox‐infected men (14 homosexual, 2 bisexual) with a median age of 37 years. Three were HIV‐infected. All patients reported multiple sexual partners and/or unprotected sex in the 2 weeks before the diagnosis. Most patients had prodromal signs/symptoms before the appearance of the skin/mucosal eruption, consisting of erythematous papules/vesicles/pustules in the anogenital area, which tended to erode evolving into crusts and ulcers. Lesions were often associated with local and/or systemic symptoms. Histopathology showed overlapping features in all cases: epidermal ulceration and dermal inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and neutrophils with an interstitial and perivascular/peri‐adnexal pattern and endothelial swelling. Concomitant sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (gonococcal/nongonococcal proctitis and anal high‐risk human papillomavirus [HR‐HPV] infection) were frequent. Four patients were hospitalized, and one received specific treatment. The overall outcome was good. At the follow‐up visit, three patients presented skin scars. Our series confirms the features of the current Monkeypox outbreak; however, different from other studies, we found a considerable rate of concomitant STIs, such as anal HR‐HPV infection, that should be kept in mind because this persistent infection is the main cause of anal cancers.