Academia da Força Aérea/SP RESUMO. O objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar a análise estatística para identificação das tendências anuais da temperatura e da precipitação na região de Pirassununga -SP, bem como a variabilidade desses elementos climáticos. Utilizou-se a série histórica de 1976 a 2008, referentes à precipitação e temperatura, registradas pela estação meteorológica da Academia da Força Aérea-AFA/Pirassununga/SP (21º059´07´´S, 47º020´06´´W, altitude de 600 m). Foram considerados, para o estudo da precipitação, os totais anuais e, para as máximas e mínimas absolutas anuais e a média das máximas e das mínimas. Para a análise da tendência utilizou-se a regressão linear que permitiu a obtenção dos coeficientes de determinação R2, erro padrão das estimativas e os limites de confiança. Para a avaliação da tendência climática, tanto da temperatura, quanto da precipitação, foram utilizados, também, os testes estatísticos não-paramétricos de Mann-Kendall e a Curvatura de Sem, que mostram, respectivamente, a significância da tendência e sua magnitude. A análise da série histórica considerada, no que se refere às temperaturas máximas, mínimas e médias máximas e mínimas, permitiu constatar regimes térmicos mais amenos em determinados anos do período estudado, destacando-se os anos considerados "normais" em relação aos acentuadamente mais quentes para a região. A pesquisa indicou que, nos últimos seis anos da série, houve estabilidade em relação à s temperaturas mínimas. A maior amplitude térmica observada (39 ºC) ocorreu em 1994, que poderia ser definido como um ano excepcional. Apesar dessas alterações, não se pode afirmar que as tendências verificadas estão relacionadas às mudanças climáticas globais. A análise dos parâmetros estatísticos obtidos para a precipitação, mostrou se há ou não tendência de diminuição ou aumento de valores pluviométricos, com destaque para alguns anos mais significativos. Palavras-chave: temperatura; precipitação, regimes térmicos; tendência; variabilidade; análise estatística. TREND AND VARIABILITY OF ANNUAL TEMPERATURE AND RAIN IN PIRASSUNUNGA-SPABSTRACT. The objective of this work is to apply statistical analysis to identify trends in annual temperature in the region of Pirassununga -SP, as well as the variability of this climatic element. Times series of temperature and precipitation from the meteorological station of the Air Force Academy -AFA/Pirassununga-SP (21º059'07''S 47º020'06''W and 600 m altitude) were used. In the study of precipitation annual totals were considered. The maximum and minimum absolute temperatures were considered as well as the maximum and minimum annual average. For trend analysis, linear regression was used to obtain the coefficients of determination R2, standard error of estimates and confidence limits. The analysis of time series considered in relation to maximum and minimum temperatures and average maximum and minimum average evidenced warmer thermal regimes in certain years of the studied period, highlighting the years considered "normal" from those m...
This study examines the development of a system that assists in planning flight activities of the Academia da Força Aérea (AFA) so that meteorological data can be used to predict the occurrence of fog. This system was developed in MATLAB 8.0 by applying multilayer perceptron-type artificial neural networks and using an error correction algorithm called backpropagation. The methodology used to implement the network comprises eight input variables, five neurons in the intermediary layer, and one neuron in the output layer, which corresponds to the presence or absence of fog. The fog phenomenon is very important for the study and definition of flight strategic planning. Data taken from 1989 to 2008 and related to the input variables were used for the training and validation of the proposed network. Consequently, the multilayer perceptron network has a 95% reliability compared with the data collected. This high level of reliability is an exceptional result for the management, planning, and decision making team of the AFA strategic group. Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed system is efficient and will subsidize, with good safety margin, AFA's flight activity planning and could also be applied to other air activities in Brazil.
The aim of this research is to study the variability and tendency in climatic elements, rainfall and temperature in four cities in the state of São Paulo: Pirassununga, Rio Claro, São Carlos and São Simão which are part of the flight training area of the Air Force Academy, in order to confirm the hypothesis that those alterations indicate signs of climatic variations in the short term, according to the local parameters and that those variations may change the schedule of the flight training missions at AFA. Monthly and annual data regarding to temperature and rainfall, recorded during a period of 34 years (1976-2009) were firstly considered during the study, followed by a shorter period of 16 years (1994-2009). In order to analyze the climatic conditions in São Carlos, Rio Claro and São Simão, monthly and annual data about temperature and rainfall collected during a period of 16 years (1994-2009) were considered. For purposes of statistical analysis of the climatic variability of temperature and rainfall within the chosen period of time, calculation of the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and temperature range were applied. In order to analyze such tendency, the linear regression model and non-parametric statistical tests, known as Mann-Kendall and Sen Curvature were applied. The results of the research showed that the monthly and annual variability of the rainfall in the four cities is similar and well marked and that there are not significant tendencies in that variable in the four cities. Relating to temperature in Pirassununga, the average temperature showed large monthly variability. In Rio Claro, São Carlos and São Simão, the annual temperature variability was low, tending to be stable, except for the minimum temperature which showed a large variability. Concerning to Pirassununga, just the average temperature tended to be decreasing and significant. The results obtained for the temperatures in Rio Claro, São Carlos and São Simão tended to be increasing and/or decreasing, but such tendencies were irrelevant.
A distribuição de ocorrências de nevoeiro no aeródromo da Academia da Força Aérea-Pirassununga/SP- é investigada ao longo de uma série temporal de 20 anos (1989-2008). Foram aplicados aos dados climatológicos diários de superfície métodos estatísticos para identificação de anos habituais e excepcionais em termos de ocorrência do fenômeno e aplicação da proposta de Monteiro (1971) na classificação genética dos nevoeiros. O ano 2008, escolhido como o representante da categoria excepcional de alta incidência, foi analisado pela técnica da análise rítmica cujos resultados mostraram que no período de maior incidência do fenômeno - abril a julho - 83,3% dos nevoeiros ocorreram sob a atuação da massa polar atlântica.
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