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The Influence of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena on the climatic dynamics of the Amazon region ABSTRACT The influence of the natural climatic episodes denominated like "El Niño" and "La Niña", causes changes in the atmospheric circulation in diverse parts of the world. The objective of this study was to conduct a quantitative research on the influence of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena on the climatic dynamics of the Amazon region so that the damages caused by these meteorological events are divulged and prevented. The data obtained and analyzed indicated that the climatic phenomena denominated El Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation-ENOS affect the climatic dynamics, which causes significant changes in the regime of the maximum daily rains, provoking tendencies of elevation or decrease in the precipitation rate in periods of El Niño and La Niña, respectively. As for the occurrence of such phenomena in the Amazon region, it was inferred that the episodes of drought provoked by the El Niño, manifest themselves with more intensity, compared to the La Niña event. Such phenomena can have socio-environmental consequences such as severe droughts, reduction of water reserves, forest fires, floods; and economic, the increase of the electricity tariff, due to the low levels of operation of hydroelectric plants in periods of drought. Therefore, it is necessary to establish preventive strategies to mitigate the effects generated by such events, with applicability for purposes of climate monitoring.

Diatoms can now be excellent indicators of water quality in urban rivers, especially if they serve as a source of water. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between diatoms, water quality and urban rivers. The analysis of the data obtained indicated that in Europe, the use of diatoms as an indicator of water quality in urban rivers is already effective. As for Brazil, the data indicate in Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná; the researches of this triad are in an evolutionary phase. Northeast region, Pernambuco, the use is not yet as effective as in the south, In Amazonas and Pará, the researches for the composition of the triad in the Water Quality Index (IQA), still does not present effectiveness, one of the explanations is the lack of insertion in the existing legislations as the variables to be analyzed, among them, the use of diatoms. Therefore, the IQA without the complementation of the diatomaceous analysis may be incomplete due to the indication of other chemical variables such as, for example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons not included in the current IQA.

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Resumo: Quando um estímulo ocorre aleatoriamente à esquerda ou à direita, a resposta é mais rápida quando estímulo e resposta estão no mesmo lado (condição compatível) do que em lados opostos (condição incompatível). Na tarefa de Simon, embora a resposta seja selecionada pela forma (ou cor) do estímulo, a posição deste influencia o Tempo de Reação Manual (TRM Long term memory modulated by short term memoryAbstract: When a stimulus randomly occurs at left or right, the response is faster when stimulus and response are on the same side (compatible condition) than on opposite sides (incompatible condition). In the Simon task, color or shape determines the correct response but it is faster when there is correspondence between stimulus and response key positions. In this research, we studied the Simon effect modulation through a previous spatial compatibility task in which just one index finger presses the keys. Twenty-eight volunteers run compatibility tasks (14 compatible and 14 incompatible). Then, they performed a Simon task in which the correct response was selected by shape. A Simon effect of 24 ms was found in the compatible group. An inverse Simon effect of -16 ms occurred in the incompatible group. These results show long-term memory modulation by task involving short-term memory. Keywords: Motor control. Motor processes. Reaction time. Spatial perception. Lateral dominance. Memoria a largo plazo modulada por la memoria a corto plazoResumen: Cuando un estimulo ocurre aleatoriamente a la izquierda o a la derecha, la respuesta es más rápida cuando el estimulo y la respuesta están del mismo lado (condición compatible), de que cuando están en lados opuestos (condición incompatible). En la prueba de Simon, el color o la forma del estímulo determina la respuesta, pero éste es más rápido cuando hay una correlación espacial entre el estímulo y la respuesta. En este trabajo, estudiamos la modulación del efecto Simon por la tarea de la compatibilidad espacial en la cual uno dedo índice respondió. Veintiocho voluntarios realizaron la prueba de compatibilidad (14 la compatible y 14 la incompatible). Después el voluntario realizó la prueba de Simon. En el grupo compatible, encontramos efecto de Simon de 21 ms. Sin embargo, en el grupo incompatibles, ocurrió un efecto de Simon inverso de -16 ms. Estos resultados demuestran una modulación de la memoria a largo plazo por la memoria a corto plazo. Palabras clave: Control motor. Procesos motores. Tiempo de reacción. Percepción espacial. Lateralidad.