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4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1) or its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). There are currently seven FDA-approved ICIs for cancer therapy, which include ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4), nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab (anti-PD-1), avelumab, atezolizumab and durvalumab (anti-PD-L1). However, these drugs may induce inflammatory side effects as a result of the increased immune system activity, which are generally termed as

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