El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las principales herramientas digitales de simulación diplomática mediante la experiencia de su aplicación en las asignaturas impartidas por el autor. En todas las modalidades de ese tipo de simulación es posible disponer de recursos digitales para el desarrollo de las mismas, destacando por su popularidad MyDiplomat, app gratuita que ofrece tres modelos de simulación de MUN (Modelo de Naciones Unidas). Para representar una simulación diplomática virtual del MUN, al igual que en realidad extendida, es implícito el desarrollo síncrono de la actividad. La modalidad asíncrona más completa a efectos de aprendizaje experiencial ha sido la simulación diplomática de un conflicto bilateral, según modelos desarrollados por los American Space. Se persigue confirmar que, en un entorno post pandémico de vuelta a la normalidad, se ha recuperado la modalidad de simulación diplomática totalmente presencial, aunque se mantienen las modalidades síncronas en realidad extendida y totalmente virtual, sin perder de vista la utilidad práctica pero incompleta de otras simulaciones diplomáticas virtuales asíncronas.

The most intense violations of religious freedom have been recently perpetrated in Asia, by governments, and in Africa, by jihadist terrorists linked to intercommunal violence, especially in the Sub-Saharan region. This work focuses on African countries where states have failed to manage the threats to the most fundamental human rights, posed by terrorist groups on religious terms. It analyzes whether and how those atrocities perpetrated by both al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, and their associates, can be prosecuted by the International Criminal Court. For this purpose, the Al Mahdi case constitutes an exceptional precedent regarding jurisdiction, accountability, and judgement.

The United Nations targeted sanctions against terrorist organizations are administrated under the Security Council Consolidated List. Apart from listing terrorist organizations and individuals that are linked to Al-Qaida, ISIL, and the Taliban, the list also includes non-terrorist entities that allegedly support listed organizations. This paper studies 7 businesses and 22 humanitarian organizations that are currently listed, resulting in two insights. First, listing these entities effectively pushes them out of business by rendering them illegal. Even when entities succeed in getting delisted, the damage is already done. Ironically, the impact on non-terrorist entities is bigger than on some terrorist organizations, who carry their listing as a badge of honor to attract recruits. Second, by comparing the UNSC consolidated list to related Interpol’s Special Notices, we find that there are several inconsistencies between the lists, both in terms of the details provided and the updating of unlisted entities.