This article attempts to summarize the available evidence on spectators' violence affecting professional football in Italy. Using different sources of data, the author discusses the quantitative aspects of Italian football hooliganism, showing the steady increase of the phenomenon during the Seventies and the Eighties, and depicts the history, both from the cultural and organizational point of view, of so called ultras groups. Finally, he discusses the results of an empirical research among football hooligans supporting a team in the first Division.
Telemeasurement through heterogeneous networks to characterize systems and devices is addressed in this paper. The methodology is generally valid and here applied to characterize communication systems.Both dedicated circuits and DSP-based realizations are taken into account, in the last case the remote definition of the system is also considered . The wide-sense telemeasurements concept is introduced here as the general case in which both circuits and instruments are remotely defined and configured. This approach is particularly useful for two opposite situations: the case in which few valuable instruments are available only in some particular laboratories, and the educational case where the number of instruments available is not sufficient with respect to the potential number of users. An integrated WEB server architecture to manage both instruments and DSP platforms has been developed for educational purposes.
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