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Objective To determine the effectiveness of glucocorticoid treatment in children with croup. Design Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials that examine the effectiveness of glucocorticoid treatment in children with croup. Main outcome measures Score on scale measuring severity of croup, use of cointerventions (adrenaline (epinephrine), antibiotics, or supplemental glucocorticoids), length of stay in accident and emergency or in hospital, and rate of hospitalisation. Results Twenty four studies met the inclusion criteria. Glucocorticoid treatment was associated with an improvement in the croup severity score at 6 hours with an effect size of − 1.0 (95% confidence interval − 1.5 to − 0.6) and at 12 hours − 1.0 ( − 1.6 to − 0.4); at 24 hours this improvement was no longer significant ( − 1.0, − 2.0 to 0.1). There was a decrease in the number of adrenaline treatments needed in children treated with glucocorticoids: a decrease of 9% (95% confidence interval 2% to 16%) among those treated with budesonide and of 12% (4% to 20%) among those treated with dexamethasone. There was also a decrease in the length of time spent in accident and emergency ( − 11 hours, 95% confidence interval − 18 to 4 hours), and for inpatients hospital stay was reduced by 16 hours ( − 31 to 1 hour). Publication bias seems to play a part in these results. Conclusions Dexamethasone and budesonide are effective in relieving the symptoms of croup as early as 6 hours after treatment. Fewer cointerventions are used and the length of time spent in hospital is decreased in patients treated with glucocorticoids.

Intermittent claudication, a symptom of atherosclerosis in the large vessels of the lower limbs, greatly affects patient mobility and quality of life. Medical therapy for a moderate form of this condition includes vasodilators, antiplatelet agents and alternative treatments such as ginkgo biloba.A meta-analysis of results from 52 trials (including 5088 patients) was conducted for all current medical therapies for intermittent claudication. After 24 weeks, some of the medical therapies were found to be more effective than placebo for the primary end-points of either pain-free walking distance or maximum walking distance. Vasodilators presented the best results in walking distance. Pentoxifylline offered better results than naftidrofuryl, although the treatment benefit, measured in additional metres walked with treatment than without, was modest. Antiplatelets, ginkgo biloba and levocarnitine were slightly more effective than placebo, although the treatment benefit was of limited clinical importance. On average, patients walked 60m further with therapy than without, and only about half of that added distance was pain-free. Very little consistent information was available for other clinical end-points, such as overall mortality and adverse effects. These data suggest that some of the medical therapy, pentoxifylline in particular, can only modestly increase functional status in patients with moderate intermittent claudication. There is a need for uniformity in research design and reporting of trials. A future trial comparing medical therapy with physical therapy is indicated.

This CA helps to improve HbA1c figures of T2DM patients with insulin when it is used by PCPs to make decisions when starting, continuing, or changing insulin and its dosage.