No abstract

No abstract

Aims. This paper describes the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on the Solar Orbiter mission (SO/PHI), the first magnetograph and helioseismology instrument to observe the Sun from outside the Sun-Earth line. It is the key instrument meant to address the top-level science question: How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? SO/PHI will also play an important role in answering the other top-level science questions of Solar Orbiter, as well as hosting the potential of a rich return in further science. Methods. SO/PHI measures the Zeeman effect and the Doppler shift in the Fe i 617.3 nm spectral line. To this end, the instrument carries out narrow-band imaging spectro-polarimetry using a tunable LiNbO 3 Fabry-Perot etalon, while the polarisation modulation is done with liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs). The line and the nearby continuum are sampled at six wavelength points and the data are recorded by a 2k × 2k CMOS detector. To save valuable telemetry, the raw data are reduced on board, including being inverted under the assumption of a Milne-Eddington atmosphere, although simpler reduction methods are also available on board. SO/PHI is composed of two telescopes; one, the Full Disc Telescope (FDT), covers the full solar disc at all phases of the orbit, while the other, the High Resolution Telescope (HRT), can resolve structures as small as 200 km on the Sun at closest perihelion. The high heat load generated through proximity to the Sun is greatly reduced by the multilayer-coated entrance windows to the two telescopes that allow less than 4% of the total sunlight to enter the instrument, most of it in a narrow wavelength band around the chosen spectral line. Results. SO/PHI was designed and built by a consortium having partners in Germany, Spain, and France. The flight model was delivered to Airbus Defence and Space, Stevenage, and successfully integrated into the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. A number of innovations were introduced compared with earlier space-based spectropolarimeters, thus allowing SO/PHI to fit into the tight mass, volume, power and telemetry budgets provided by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft and to meet the (e.g. thermal) challenges posed by the mission's highly elliptical orbit.

SUMMARY: A country-by-country review of seabird mortality from longline fishing in the Mediterranean Sea and in Macaronesian waters shows a paucity of data. Of 12 Mediterranean countries known to undertake longlining, seabird mortality is only reported for six: France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain and Tunisia. Seabird mortality from longlining has been reported from the Azores (Portugal) but not from the other Macaronesian Islands. Only for one country, Spain, is information on the levels of mortality available, suggesting that 4-6% of the local breeding population of Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea may be killed annually, a level considered unsustainable for the long-term persistence of colonies. Cory's shearwater is the most commonly affected species, although a number of Larus gull species are also being caught. There is insufficient knowledge to conclude whether any seabird species is at conservation risk within the region, but concern is expressed for Cory's shearwater. It is recommended that Mediterranean and Macaronesian countries conduct assessments of their longline fisheries and seabird mortality in terms of the Food and Agriculture Organization's International Plan of ActionSeabirds. Regional fishery organisations, such as ICCAT and GFCM, should commence the collection of seabird mortality data. A "longline action plan" for the affected seabird species should be produced.Key words: seabirds, longline fishing, conservation, Mediterranean, Macaronesia. RESUMEN: MORTALIDAD DE AVES MARINAS EN PALANGRES DEL MAR MEDITERRÁNEO E ISLAS MACARONESIAS: REVISIÓN Y PRO-PUESTAS DEFUTURO. -Este trabajo presenta una revisión de la escasa información disponible sobre mortalidad de aves marinas en las flotas palangreras del mar Mediterráneo y Macaronesia. De los 12 países mediterráneos que disponen de flota palangrera tan sólo 6 han aportado información sobre mortalidad de aves marinas: Francia, Grecia, Italia, Malta, España y Túnez. También se sabe que existe mortalidad de aves marinas en las islas Azores (Portugal) pero no en el resto de las islas de la Macaronesia. Tan sólo España dispone de información sobre niveles de mortalidad. Es posible que entre el 4-6% de la población reproductora local de pardela cenicienta Calonectris diomedea muera en el palangre anualmente, un nivel que se considera insostenible para la persistencia a largo plazo de las colonias. La pardela cenicienta es la especie más afectada, aunque también se capturan gaviotas del género Larus. Aunque no se sabe lo suficiente como para concluir si alguna especie de ave marina está amenazada localmente por el palangre, se sugiere que la pardela cenicienta sí puede estarlo. Se recomienda que los países mediterráneos y macaronésicos lleven a cabo valoraciones de sus pesquerías de palangre y de la mortalidad de aves marinas en los términos de los planes internacionales de acción de la FAO. Las organizaciones pesqueras

No abstract