Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that occurs more often in middle-aged and older adults, negatively affecting both their functional ability and quality of life. Resistance training can reduce the motor deficits caused by the disease and improve the walking ability of the patients. However, the effects of resistance exercises are disputed. The aim of this review is to highlight recent research data on the efficacy of resistance exercises as a treatment method for the improvement of motor symptoms in middle-aged and older adults with PD. The Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched with the following keywords: "resistance training AΝD Parkinson's AND gait AND elderly AND middle-aged" and filtered for clinical studies published from 2010 and after. Ultimately, eight clinical studies were included in the review with a total sample of 322 PD patients. The results showed that resistance exercises are effective in improving gait, balance, and muscle strength in middle-aged and older adults with PD. However, exercise parameters are still under investigation and further research is needed on the matter to produce optimal guidelines.

Falls in older adults are a very important health concern worldwide with enormous social and economic ramifications. The advancement of medical technology and the creation and dissemination of exergames has gained more and more ground in recent decades as it combines exercise with a pleasant environment. However, their efficacy over conventional exercise methods is under investigation. The aim of this review is to present recent research data regarding the efficacy of exergames in older adults with balance deficits who experience falls. Method: The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched with the following keywords: exergames, elderly falls, balance and Exercise. Articles that were clinical studies and had been published in the last four years were selected. Six clinical studies were found to meet the criteria and were included in the review. The total sample was 287 older adults. Results: Most clinical studies concluded that exergame rehabilitation is effective, enjoyable, and well received by older adults. In two studies, a combination with conventional physical therapy was reported to show better results. Discussion -Conclusions: The results of our review provide evidence that interventions based on virtual reality and exergames are effective in improving balance and reducing the number of falls in older adults. Our review also derives positive results of exergames effects compared to conventional physical therapy. Exergames-based intervention is cost-effective, safe, without adverse effects, and appears able to cause adaptations in balance and functional ability in older adults, thus reducing the risk of falls. Their application is proposed for the training of older adults in future interventions.

<b>Background:</b> One in three athletes who suffer a sprain will end up with chronic ankle instability (CAI) due to re-injury or inadequate recovery, with symptoms that can last for more than 12 months. Resistance and proprioceptive training have been shown to have a positive effect on the rehabilitation of CAI, improving perceived instability, balance, functional ability, strength, and quality of life. However, the right type of training, dosage, and intensity are currently unclear on many points. <b>Aim:</b> The aim of this review is to investigate current literature addressing the effects of resistance and proprioceptive training on improving the symptoms of athletes with CAI. The individual efficacy of each training type (resistance and proprioceptive) was investigated and compared to each other. Furthermore, it was examined whether the combined application of both training methods within a single treatment regimen provides greater benefits than their separate use. <b>Method:</b> The MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, PEDro, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and EMBASE databases were searched using different combinations of the following key words: chronic ankle instability, athletes, proprioceptive exercise, resistance exercise, and rehabilitation. The review included clinical studies that were applied to professional or amateur athletes with CAI from 1998 to the present. These studies included protocols for resistance and/or proprioceptive exercise programs that were applied independently or in combination with other therapy regimens. <b>Results:</b> Eighteen clinical trials were included in this review: three on resistance training, five on proprioceptive training, and ten on both. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) was used to assess the quality of all articles. <b>Discussion:</b> Both types of training, resistance and proprioceptive, improve perceived instability, static and dynamic balance, functional ability, strength and, quality of life in the athletic population with CAI. However, better results appear to be derived from combined protocols that include both types of exercises. <b>Conclusions:</b> Four to six weeks of a combined resistance and proprioceptive exercise program may increase the strength of the ankle joint muscles, dynamic balance, functional ability and quality of life in athletes with CAI.