The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 3.1. Stability 3.2. Carboxylic Acid Reactions 3.3. Other Reactions 4. Production 4.1. Methyl Formate Hydrolysis 4.1.1. Kemira ‐ Leonard Process 4.1.2. BASF Process 4.1.3. USSR Process 4.2. Production from Formates 4.2.1. Formates as Polyol Byproducts 4.2.2. Formates from Carbon Monoxide 4.3. Formic Acid from Carbon Dioxide 4.4. Formic Acid from Biomass 4.5. Other Processes 4.6. Recovery of Formic Acid 5. Environmental Protection 6. Quality Specifications 7. Chemical Analysis 8. Storage and Transportation 9. Legal Aspects 10. Uses 10.1. Biomass Preservation 10.1.1. Silage 10.1.2. Animal Biomass 10.2 Leather 10.3. Textile 10.4. Feed Additives 10.5. Pharmaceuticals and Food Additives 10.6. Other Uses 10.6.1. Rubber Coagulation 10.6.2. Gas desulfurization 10.6.3. Well acidifizers 10.6.4. Formic Acid as Source of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide 10.6.5. Cleaning Agents 10.6.6. Solvent Use 11. Economic Aspects 12. Derivatives 12.1. Salts 12.1.1. Sodium Formate 12.1.2. Potassium Formate 12.1.3. Other Formate Salts 12.2. Esters 12.1.1. Methyl Formate 12.1.2. Ethyl Formate 12.2.3. Other Esters 12.3. Performic Acid 13. Toxicology and Occupational Health

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The thermolyses of o-, m-, and p-hydroxyanisoles and o-, m-, and p-methoxyanisoles have been studied under an inert atmosphere. Experiments were made both with neat compounds and in the presence of tetralin at the molar ratio 1:1. The reaction temperature was varied from 623 to 673 K and the reaction time from 0.25 to 7.0 h. The major products formed from all three hydroxyanisoles were the correspondingly substituted dihydroxybenzenes and cresols. The o-and p-methoxyanisoles gave a product pattern of the same type, while m-methoxyanisole gave more ring-methylated products with two oxygen atoms. The formation of anisóle by direct demethoxylation was significant for all three methoxyanisoles. The presence of a hydroxyl group seemed to prevent this demethoxylation in substituted anisóles. The reactivity of the lignin-related o-hydroxyanisóle (guaiacol) was much higher than the reactivity of all the other model compounds studied. The reaction rates of all compounds were decreased by tetralin. It also prevented the formation of higher products, except for experiments with p-hydroxyanisole at 673 K.

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