The inferior alveolar nerve and maxillary artery were studied in 40 human heads through infratemporal dissection; in one specimen, a unusual variation in the origin of the inferior alveolar nerve and its relationship with the surrounding structures was observed. The inferior alveolar nerve originated from the mandibular nerve by two roots and the second part of the maxillary artery was incorporated between them. An embryologic origin of this variation and its clinical implications is discussed. Because the maxillary artery ran between the two roots of the inferior alveolar nerve, and the nerve was fixed between the foramen ovale and mandibular foramen, tension and compression of the nerve from arterial pulsation could cause mandibular neuralgia.

Sugar transport and distribution have a direct impact on the growth and development of plants. Many sugars significantly influence salt stress response. The sensing of salt stress signals triggers a wide array of complicated network transduction pathways in plants. Trehalose and its intermediate compounds effectively modulate salt response and salt tolerance. Sugars such as trehalose and its derivatives not only serve as metabolic resources and structural components of cells in plants but also exhibit hormone-like regulating properties. Trehalose has an important physiological role in improving plant tolerance against salinity stresses in different plants. Plants finely adjust their cytoplasmic compatible solute pool to cope with high salinity. Salt stress induces a variety of structural, anatomical, molecular, biochemical, and physiological changes in plants, all of which have a detrimental influence on plant growth and development. This review highlights the recent developments in understanding trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate signaling processes in plants, especially their impacts on plants growing in salty environments.

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during December 2015 to May 2016 to study the effect of age of seedlings at staggered transplanting and weed management on the growth and yield of aromatic Boro rice (cv. BRRI dhan50). The experiment comprised four seedling ages at staggered transplanting viz. 30, 45, 60 and 75-day old seedlings with five different weed management treatments viz. unweeded controls, two hand weeding at 20 and 35 DAT (days after transplanting), pre-emergence herbicide (Pendimethaiin, Panida 33EC) applied at 3 DAT + one hand weeding at 35 DAT, post-emergence herbicide (Penoxsulam, Granite 240 SC) applied at 12 DAT + one hand weeding at 35 DAT, pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33 EC) applied at 3 DAT + post-emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC) applied at 12 DAT. It was observed that the experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest plant height and total dry matter hill -1 were recorded in 30-day old seedlings with pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33EC) applied at 3 DAT + post-emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC) applied at 12 DAT. Younger seedlings (30-day old) produced the highest number of total tillers hill -1 (11.08), effective tillers hill -1 (8.47), grains panicle -1 (80.76) and grain yield (3.94 t ha -1 ) compared to aged seedlings at staggered transplanting. In case of weed management, pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33EC) applied at 3 DAT + post-emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC) applied at 12 DAT produced the highest number of effective tillers hill -1 (8.89), grains panicle -1 (81.66), 1000-grain weight (18.44 g), grain yield (4.47 t ha -1 ) and straw yield (5.13 t ha -1 ). Grain yield was reduced by 59.82% in unweeded control compared to pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33EC) applied at 3 DAT + post-emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC) applied at 12 DAT. In interaction, 30-day old seedlings combined with pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33 EC) applied at 3 DAT + post-emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC) applied at 12 DAT produced the highest effective tillers hill -1 (9.58), grains panicle -1 (89.47), 1000-grain weight (18.93g), grain yield (5.31 t ha -1 ) and straw yield (5.75 t ha -1 ). Therefore, 60-day old seedlings at staggered transplanting with pre-emergence herbicide (Panida 33EC) applied at 3DAT + post-emergence herbicide (Granite 240 SC) applied at 12 DAT appears as the promising technique for aromatic Boro rice cultivation.

The research work was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during aman season from July to December, 2015 to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and weed management on the growth and yield of transplant aman rice cv. BRRI dhan46. The experiment consisted of four fertilizer treatments viz. 0 kg N ha −1 (N 0 ), 40 kg N ha −1 (N 1 ), 80 kg N ha −1 (N 2 ) and 120 kg N ha −1 (N 3 ) and four weeding treatments viz. one hand weeding at 20 DAT (W 1 ), two hand weedings at 20 and 35 DAT (W 2 ), three hand weedings at 20, 35 and 50 DAT (W 3 ), weeding by Japanese rice weeder twice at 20 and 35 DAT (W 4 ) and unweeded control (W 5 ). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest plant height (113.00 cm), number of total tillers hill −1 (8.74), number of effective tillers hill −1 (6.18), panicle length (21.98 cm), number of grains panicle −1 (114.20), grain yield (4.00 t ha −1 ), straw yield (5.25 t ha −1 ) and biological yield (9.25 t ha −1 ) were recorded in N 2 (80 kg N ha −1 ) treatment. The lowest plant height (106.00 cm), number of total tillers hill -1 (7.20), number of effective tillers hill −1 (5.00), panicle length (20.70 cm), number of grains panicle -1 (97.60), grain yield (3.52 t ha −1 ), straw yield (4.46 t ha −1 ) and biological yield (7.97 t ha −1 ) were recorded from N 0 (No nitrogen fertilizer control) treatment. On the other hand, the highest grain yield 4.23 t ha −1 was observed in three weedings condition because of the highest number of effective tillers hill −1 (6.81), number of grains panicle −1 (111.10). The highest straw yield (5.51 t ha −1 ) was also found in three weeding condition. The lowest grain yield (3.40 t ha −1 ) was recorded in W 5 (unweeded control) treatment. The lowest straw yield (4.31 t ha −1 ) was also observed in W 5 (unweeded control) treatment because of the smallest plant (106.97 cm) and lower number of total tillers hill −1 (7.20). Therefore, 80 kg N ha −1 along with three hand weedings at 20, 35 and 50 DAT may be used for obtaining the highest grain and straw yields of BRRI dhan46.

Plants produce a large range of structurally varied low molecular weight secondary metabolites, which evaporate, known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Several of them are emitted in response to biotic stress as a defensive measure against pathogen attacks. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMFs) can change the VOC pattern in parts of the plant and may promote plant defense via direct or indirect mechanisms. Mycorrhization of plants positively affects plant immunization along with growth and yield. The presence of AMF may raise the concentration of phenolic compounds and the activity of critical defense‐related enzymes. AMF‐induced changes in plant chemistry and associated volatile emissions lead to stronger immunity against pathogenic microorganisms. Despite substantial research into the origins of diversity in VOC‐mediated plant communication, very little is known about the mechanism of influence of several AMFs on plant VOC emissions and modulation of plant immunization. Moreover, the molecular mechanism for VOC sensing in plants and mycorrhizal association is still unclear. In the present review, we have presented an up‐to‐date understanding of the cross‐talk of AMF and VOC patterns in plants and the subsequent modulation of resistance against microbial pathogens.