The study aims to scale patients with diabetic foot ulcers according to Wagner's classification, measure the various risk factors, study various outcomes and improve the treatment measures. MethodologyThe article presents materials on a prospective observational study of 50 diabetic foot patients with different presentations who underwent stage-specific intervention. ResultsPoor glycemic control, lifestyle factors, and smoking showed increased risks for foot ulcer complications. Diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy have been significant outcome predictors. As a result, advanced Wagner's grades showed increased amputation risks and multimodal management. ConclusionsStratification of diabetic foot patients and appropriate management based on their Wagner's grade helps reduce amputation rates and mortality. In addition, multimodal management and exceptional attention to diabetes and lifestyle control improve long-term outcomes.

Background: Acute appendicitis is still one of the most common surgical emergencies. This study was conducted to check the sensitivity and specificity of Total leukocyte count (TLC) and C Reactive Protein (CRP) of acute appendicitis. Aim and objectives were to check the sensitivity and specificity of total leukocyte count in diagnosis of acute appendicitis and to check the sensitivity and specificity of CRP in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. To determine TLC and CRP efficacy in diagnosis of acute appendicitis.Methods: TLC and CRP were calculated in all patients who were planned to undergo appendectomy. Appendectomies were performed independent of results of TLC and CRP levels. For statistical purpose the patients were assigned into 2 groups- Group-A Patients with inflamed/perforated/gangrenous appendix, Group-B patients with Normal appendix. The normal TLC and CRP values, raised TLC, raised CRP, and raised both TLC and CRP values calculated in each of these groups. Sensitivity and Specificity were calculated. The cut off value for TLC was 11x106/L. This value was selected arbitrarily as it corresponds to the elevated TLC. The CRP levels were calculated and cut off value was taken as 1.7mg/dl.Results: Out of 75 cases, 55 were male and 20 were female. Age ranged from 13 to 58 years. CRP was raised in 82.14% of inflamed appendix cases TLC was raised in 76.79% of inflamed appendix cases and both was raised in 92.5% of inflamed appendix cases.Conclusions: TLC and CRP are useful in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Negative appendicectomy rate can be decreased.

Background: Chronic idiopathic pain syndromes are amongst the most challenging and demanding conditions to treat across the whole age spectrum. Despite these patients having undergone numerous diagnostic work-ups, their pain remains a challenge to all known diagnostic and treatment methods.Methods: To evaluate role of diagnostic laparoscopy in chronic abdominal pain a prospective observational study was done. The present study was conducted on patients with undiagnosed chronic abdominal pain coming to the Department of Surgery, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune. 75 patients with chronic abdominal pain who attend the General Surgery Department (OPD) were included in the study. Patients were included in the study after taking their voluntary informed consent. The categorical variables were assessed using Pearson chi-square. The quantitative variables were assessed using T-test. The test was considered significant only if the p value comes out to be less than 0.05.Results: Based on the findings of the study after performing diagnostic laparoscopy for 75 patients with chronic abdominal pain it was found that most common finding was of appendicitis (32%) followed by abdominal Koch’s (24%) and post-operative pain relief using VAS showed p value of less than 0.05 at 3 months of follow up post diagnostic laparoscopy.Conclusions: The present study concluded that laparoscopy is an effective diagnostic role in evaluating patients with chronic abdominal pain, in whom conventional methods of investigations have failed to elicit a certain cause. The advantage of diagnostic laparoscopy over non-invasive methods is the ability to perform therapeutic procedure at the same time in cases of chronic abdominal pain. Diagnostic laparoscopy is safe, cosmetically better and having less morbidity.

INTRODUCTIONThe thyroid gland is an endocrine gland situated in the lower part of front and the sides of the neck. Its main function is regulation of the basal metabolic rate, stimulates somatic and psychic growth and plays important role in calcium metabolism. The term thyroid is derived from Greek, which means shield (Thyrosshield, eidos -form).Any enlargement of the thyroid gland is called goiter. A solitary nodule is a goiter which, on clinical examination appears to be a single nodule in one lobe of the thyroid with no palpable abnormality elsewhere in the gland. The incidence of solitary nodule in general population in India is 9%. 2Solitary nodule in thyroid has aroused interest since 1949, when Warren H Cole in his study concluded that incidence of malignancy is higher in solitary nodule when compared with Multi-nodular goiter (MNG).3 Thyroid nodules are very common with estimated prevalence that ranges from 4% by palpation to 67% by ultrasonography. 4 Autopsy studies reveal that 50% of adults had nodules, the majority of which are ABSTRACT Background: Thyroid nodules present as a challenge in their diagnosis, evaluation and management. Often these lumps are large in size and develop at the edge of thyroid gland so that they are felt or seen as a lump in front of the neck. The prevalence of these nodules in a given population depends on number of factors like age, sex, diet, iodine deficiency and even therapeutic and environmental radiation exposure. Prevalence increases with age with spontaneous nodules occurring at a rate of 0-0.8% per year, beginning early in life and extending till the eighth decade. In this study, the basic aim is to depict the various clinical presentations of solitary thyroid nodule and thereby find out the best diagnostic modality so as to plan out the most effective treatment strategy for such lesions. Methods: A hospital based prospective study was done with 100 patients to assess the various clinical presentations of solitary thyroid nodule and thereby find out the best diagnostic modality so as to plan out the most effective treatment strategy for such lesions. Results: Thyroid nodules are common in females of age group 31-40 years. Commonest presenting complaint is swelling in the front of lower neck. Most of the patients presented between 6 months to 3 years of onset of swelling. Conclusions: In present study, the sensitivity and specificity of FNAC was 85.71% and 100% respectively. All malignant lesions on FNAC were confirmed by histopathology indicating its excellence. Therefore, FNAC helps in planning the correct management and avoids second surgery.

Background: In view of the recent outbreak of the pandemic caused by novel corona virus 19 (n-covid) which has thrown the overall healthcare system that has created fear, apprehension and anxiety amongst all surgeons. Ophthalmic surgeons are no exceptions. The new corona virus is a respiratory virus of the Coronoviridae family containing a single strand of RNA which spreads primarily through droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes or through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose. A person can get infected by the virus if the person is within 1 meter of a person with COVID 19 or by touching contaminated surface and then touching eyes, nose or mouth. Methods: Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of COVID-19 include frequent cleaning of hands using alcohol based hand rubs or soap and water. Covering the nose and mouth with a proper mask, covering skin, eyes, hair, hands and legs with proper apparel is important. Just like elderly members of the society, the healthcare workers who have some co-morbidity are susceptible to COVID-19 invasion. Asymptomatic carriers who may present with senile or pre-senile cataract can be a potential source of infection to other patients, hospital staff, surgeons and others. Conclusion: It is important that all the microsurgical instruments which will be used for phacoemulsification be properly sterilized. The surfaces of these instruments should remain free of contaminants as these instruments will be used multiple times in other patients as well.