Geographic history of Rhizophora species and hybrid is effect on their genetic structure. In addition, determining population genetic variation is essential for phylogeography research. For this phylogeography investigation, Four natural population of Rhizophora were collected from five different regions in peninsular Malaysia for this phylogeography study. This study aims to evaluate the genetic diversity of Rhizophora species namely Rhizophora apiculata , Rhizophora mucronata , Rhizophora stylosa and hybrid R. × lamarcki and clarify their genetic structure of its populations using Nucleotide polymorphism in chloroplast intergenic spacer between trnL and trnF genes was studied.The populations of Rhizophora species and hybrids were divided into two groups: the east coast populations, which were represented by samples collected from Mersing, Tanjang Piai, and Sedili; and the west coast populations, which were represented by samples collected from Mersing, Tanjang Piai, and Sedili. The population of the west coast was the second cluster. This result was supported by UPGMA analysis using MEGA5 software.

Geographic history of Rhizophora species and hybrid is effect on their genetic structure. In addition, determining population genetic variation is essential for phylogeography research. For this phylogeography investigation, Four natural population of Rhizophora were collected from five different regions in peninsular Malaysia for this phylogeography study. This study aims to evaluate the genetic diversity of Rhizophora species namely Rhizophora apiculata , Rhizophora mucronata , Rhizophora stylosa and hybrid R. × lamarcki and clarify their genetic structure of its populations using Nucleotide polymorphism in chloroplast intergenic spacer between trnL and trnF genes was studied.The populations of Rhizophora species and hybrids were divided into two groups: the east coast populations, which were represented by samples collected from Mersing, Tanjang Piai, and Sedili; and the west coast populations, which were represented by samples collected from Mersing, Tanjang Piai, and Sedili. The population of the west coast was the second cluster. This result was supported by UPGMA analysis using MEGA5 software.

The objective of this study was to assess antibacterial activity in vitro of crude extracts from leaves of Cistus salviifolius on pathogenic bacteria. Screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol, distilled water and acetone extracts with three concentrations of each one (5, 10 and 15)g/100ml of Cistus salviifoliusleaves were estimated against four types of pathogenic bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) were investigatedafter incubation at 37°C for 24hrs by using Well Diffuion Method  employing 100µL of each sample. The antibacterial activity is determined from the evaluation of the zone of inhibition. Antibaterial activity of all extracts was compared with that for a six of antibiotics by using antibiograme test. All extracts of Cistus salviifolius showed clear antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, which this activity wasenhanced with the increasing of concentrations belongs to them. The latest concentration 15g/100ml of all extracts gave highest activity againsttested strains. In this research three replications were done. In this study, it was found that ethanol extract of Cistus salviifolius showed the highest inhibition zone against Agrobacterium tumefaciens with 27.35 mm diameter at concentration 15g/100ml. The effect of Ciprofloxacin CIP 5µg against Agrobacterium tumefacienswas better than the effect of Nitrofurantion F 300µg and Gentamicin CN 10µg. A resist of pathogenic bacteria to Oxacillin OX 1µg and Cefoxitin FOX 30µg was noticed. Fusidic Acid FD 10µg only effected on Erwinia carotovora with inhibition zone (15.16 mm).