Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant cellular tripeptide (L-γglutamate-L-cysteinyl-glycine) which is as critical as oxygen and water. This low molecular mass antioxidant has a very high intracellular concentration that ranges from 1-10 mM and reaches extreme concentration points in malignant cell types. This defender of the cell is compartmentalized in mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and cytosol where it is synthesized. The enzymes involved in GSH redox cycling are important for both cellular free radical and nonradical detoxification. The present review article is covering the crucial roles of GSH to combat oxidative/nitrosative stress related to different diseases/disorders and possible drug designing for new therapies.

Entrapping of potent Schiff base with biomimetic environment using fluorescence properties enables better understanding of their interaction for drug‐based application. A detailed photophysical study of zinc (II) Schiff bases, 2,6‐bis((E)‐((2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl)imino)methyl)‐4‐R‐phenol, where R = methyl/tertiary butyl/chloro is reported by utilizing bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the bio membrane. Steady state absorption and emission studies of Schiff base‐protein system have been found to get altered by change in the compartmental ligand. Alternation of polarity caused by such compartmental ligands is reported by comparing the fluorescence behavior of the probes in microheterogeneous environment in a mixture of dioxane and water of varying composition. Hildebrand equation accounts for negative binding constants among BSA with Schiff base with Cl (‐I) group as the compartmental ligand in contrast to the positive magnitudes with ligands exhibiting +I effect. Functionality of such compartmental ligands (intra interactions studied using Hirshfeld analyses) upon binding with the protein is also studied in terms of quenching and denaturation studies. Schiff base with Me is found to be the most favorable ligand that bound to BSA as corroborated from the binding, quenching, micropolarity, and docking studies. Molecular docking studies predict the affinity energies for suitable binding conformations to be ~ − 6 kcal mol−1 for BSA‐Schiff base (with Me ligand).

A detailed photophysical behavioral study of zinc (II) complexes of Schiff bases 2,6-bis((E)-((2-(dimethylamino) ethyl)imino)methyl)-4-R-phenol, where R = methyl (1)/isopropyl (2)/tertiary butyl (3)/chloro (4) for ligands 1 to 4 (HL1 to HL4) have been done by utilising the surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide as the biomimicking environment. Steady state absorption and emission studies have been studied to investigate the course of deciphering of the photophysical behavior of the complexes. The study reveals modification of the photophysical properties of the complexes based on the effect of polarity of the micellar environment. The studies reported in the present investigation describe the initial reduction of fluorescent intensity of all the four complexes followed by an escalation in intensity. The binding constant values reveal that the Schiff bases bind to the micellar compartment. The course of binding is however found to be dependent on the functional group of the ligand which is studied and reported in the present context.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is altering the healthcare industry. By analyzing and interpreting data from clinical trials and research initiatives, it can improve medical research by spotting small but important trends that go beyond the human eye. By analyzing vast volumes of data to assist in making better-educated decisions regarding treatments, AI can also enhance patient care. Speech recognition, visual perception, pattern identification, decision-making, and language processing are all tasks that need human-like intelligence, and AI is the emulation of human intelligence by computers. The application of artificial intelligence in contemporary surgical learning may transform how surgeons are trained. Surgical training has significantly advanced recently as a result of the addition of simulation and task-based training. This technology provides significant potential for this path. This chapter examines the advancements and difficulties in the use of surgical robots and artificial intelligence in MIS.

No abstract