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Introduction: Chloroquine causes damage to the testis by crossing the blood testis barrier. Treculia africana has numerous medicinal potentials. However, the prevention of its complication such as male infertility remains unexplored. This aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aqueous seed extract of Treculia africana on chloroquine-induced toxicity in the testis of adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: Twenty eight (28) rats with an average weight 200±10g were used for the study and divided into four groups consisting of seven rats in each group. Control group A received 1 ml of distilled water daily, group B received 2mg/kg body weight daily of chloroquine orally, group C received 200mg/kg body weight daily of aqueous seed extract of Treculia Africana while group D received 2mg/kg body weight daily of chloroquine and Treculia africana seed extract (TASE) concurrently for a period of 60 days. Histological, histopathological, hormonal and semen analysis, Stereological and Imunohistochemical evaluation of the testis were done. Results: Histological analysis showed the ameliorative properties of TASE after chloroquine induced testicular toxicity. Significant differences (P<0.05) in hormonal analysis were observed across treatment groups. Significant differences (P<0.05) in Semen and Sterological analysis were observed. Johnsen's Score of the testis showed a significant improvement in group D while Immunohistochemical observation showed the ameliorative properties of TASE. Conclusion: chloroquine is injurious to male reproductive health, administration of TASE may help to improve seminiferous tubule integrity and immunohistochemistry and stereological studies further revealed its ameliorative properties.

Background: In type 2 diabetes, simple, convenient and effective regimens should encourage timely insulin initiation and improve outcomes. Long-and rapid-acting insulin analogues more closely mimic endogenous basal/prandial insulin secretion than human equivalents. Premixed insulin analogues deliver prandial and basal insulin in one formulation and can be administered 1-3 times daily. Premixed insulin may, therefore, provide an alternative to basal-bolus regimens for intensification of insulin therapy.Objectives: The aim of this commentary was to show how biphasic insulin therapy may offer a simple and effective intensification option for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not achieve adequate control with existing insulin therapies.Methods: A literature search using the PubMed database (years: January 1997-September 2010) was carried out using the search terms diabetes AND ([(biphasic OR bi-phasic) AND (insulin OR insulins]) OR ([premix OR pre-mix) AND (insulin OR insulins)]). Clinical trials, systematic reviews, case reports or clinical practice guidelines that addressed topics of interest with regard to premixed insulin analogues/analogue regimens and intensification strategies were identified and included.Results: Clinical data show that premixed insulin analogues reduce hemoglobin A1C and fasting plasma glucose to a similar extent as premixed human insulin, but have advantages in terms of postprandial glucose control, incidence of hypoglycemia, and convenience. Premixed insulins may also provide benefits to glycemic control (reduced HbA1c, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose) in patients failing to achieve targets on basal insulin. In addition, premixed insulin analogue regimens generally compare well with basal-bolus regimens. Conclusions: Premixed insulin analogues offer a simple intensification option in patients with type 2 diabetes not achieving adequate control with existing insulin therapy. Premixed insulin analogues may offer a viable alternative to basal-bolus regimens and an improved physiologic profile compared with human equivalents.

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Most of the problems predominant in developing countries today have long been solved in developed nations. The challenges of the use of glass slides in the teaching and learning has been well noted, but is even further compounded in Nigeria by large class sizes. The adoption of virtual microscopy in most Nigerian medical schools have been constrained by funding gaps and this creates additional problem attaining the learning objectives of Laboratory exposures. In an attempt to meet the learning goals of our undergraduate students, we designed simple low technology‐driven version of a virtual microscope and compared the impact on learning with the conventional microscopy presently in use. Review of the perceptions and grades of 265 students of the College of Medicine, University of Nigeria show a significant preference for virtual slides and grades were also significantly increased even among visually impaired students. The time and cost implications of both teaching and conducting examinations were also reduced by over 500%. The results re‐emphasize the need for design and adoption of simple sustainable technological innovations in developing countries to bridge gaps in purposeful learning environments.