The study is devoted to the theoretical and methodological analysis of the concept of zone of proximal development, which is of great practical importance for education since it explains the mechanism of the influence of learning on the development of a student. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyse the current content and trends in the development of this concept and its derivatives. In this context, the classical ideas of L.S. Vygotsky on the zone of proximal development and the zone of present development, their indicators, and essential characteristics, including the evolution of the methodological status of the concept of zone of proximal development in psychology and pedagogy are analysed. Modern derivatives of the concept of zone of proximal development (scaffolding, zone of free movement, zone of prompted actions, zone of negative development, zone of variable development, zones of intermental development in the dialogue between teachers and students, etc.), its connections and correlation with these related and interrelated concepts are analysed. Based on the theoretical analysis, the psychological, didactic, and heuristic potential of the concept zone of proximal development is determined, in particular, its use as a methodological tool for developing projects in various fields of practice and branches of psychology. The latter is demonstrated by the example of student learning. The problem points and paradoxes of the modern understanding of the concept of zone of proximal development are also identified. The problem analysis is organised around the following subjects: the potential of the dual-plane zone of proximal development, the problem of its individualisation, the problem of social competence of interaction subjects that creates this zone, the zone of proximal development in the context of symmetrical-asymmetric learning and the quality of communication with peers in the group, the problem of the specific features of the zone of proximal development of an adult or an elderly person, the problem of moral competence and the inconsistency of the phenomenon of learning as a potential to change under external guidance. The obtained scientific results will be useful both for modern theorists of teaching and educating young people, and for teachers and psychologists working in educational institutions of various levels

The unprecedented scale of Ukrainian military migration in 2022 raises the issue of creating effective programs of social and psychological assistance and facilitating the integration of forced migrants into host communities. This is impossible without knowledge of the specifics of modern Ukrainian migration and its features. Therefore, the author presents the organization of a multi-stage program of social and psychological research of Ukrainian refugees. The article presents the results of the first stage of this program. Its purpose was to describe the procedure of social and psychological online survey and to present a portrait of a Ukrainian refugee in the first months of the struggle against Russian aggression. The features of the socio-psychological online survey as a research method of data collection, as well as the advantages and limitations of its application in modern research are considered. The methodology and organization of the online survey in the social network Facebook are described. The process of development and content of the online questionnaire for the survey of Ukrainian refugees in the social network Facebook is presented. Based on the results of the analysis of the answers of 2049 respondents (women - 95.8%), the socio-demographic characteristics of the sample, the geographical distribution of Ukrainians by country of residence, their gender and social status, as well as the age and professional structure of respondents are determined. It was found that in the first months of the war, typical Ukrainian refugees were women of working age with higher education who went abroad with minor children. Most of the respondents went abroad from Kyiv and eastern regions of Ukraine to Germany, Poland, France. A problematic analysis of the peculiarities of Ukrainian migration in comparison with other military migration movements of recent years (its feminization, a significant proportion of children and able-bodied people with high career potential) is provided. The possible socio-psychological consequences for Ukraine and host countries and the related needs for the creation of socio-psychological support programs are also analyzed. The findings will be useful for organizations and professionals who provide assistance to Ukrainian refugees, as well as state institutions that develop short-term and long-term policy programs for Ukrainian refugees.