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Manganese dioxide (α-MnO2) nanorods with diameters of about 5-15 nm and lengths of 100-150 nm were synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method. XRD, TEM, HRTEM, SAED and XPS were used to analyze the crystallographic information, microstructure and chemical bonding of the as-prepared sample. The α-MnO2 nanorod exhibited a high efficiency and rapid removal rate of rhodamine B (RhB), which reached about 97.5% within 10 min when pH=4 (and pH=6.6) and 97.7% within 50 min when pH = 9 in the presence of H2O2. The results also indicated that a lower pH value is conducive to the movement of the characteristic peak and the attenuation of the intensity of the characteristic peak of RhB dye. Then a possible catalytic mechanism was revealed. Moreover, the α-MnO2 nanorod exhibits an excellent recyclability and catalytic stability. This research indicates that α-MnO2 nanorods have a potential application in practical dye pollutant treatment.